C additive-assisted crystallization in CHNHPbSnI perovskite solar cells with high stability and efficiency.

The development of hybrid tin (Sn)-lead (Pb) perovskite solar cells likely tackles the toxic problem with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 17%. However, the stability problems, e.g. hysteresis effect, degeneration and oxidation, appear to be the bottleneck that limit its further development. Here, we innovatively introduced C at the grain boundaries throughout the CHNHPbSnI (MAPbSnI) thin film, playing a role not only in in situ passivating the interfaces and reducing the pinholes of perovskite thin films, but also in preventing the penetration of moisture and oxygen from ambient atmosphere. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) illustrated that the recombination lifetime of both the bulk and surface of MAPbSnI thin films was increased by additive incorporation of C. Dark I-V results for the electron/hole-only devices showed that the charge trap-state density decreased with C additive incorporated into the hybrid Sn-Pb perovskite thin films. Importantly, the hybrid Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells modified with C additive were demonstrated to have superior stability and efficiency when exposed to the ambient environment without encapsulation.