Kaneoke Yoshiki, Donishi Tomohiro, Iwahara Akihiko, Shimokawa Toshio
Department of System Neurophysiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Front Med (Lausanne). 2017 Sep 4;4:144. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00144. eCollection 2017.
Women of reproductive age often experience a variety of unpleasant symptoms prior to the onset of menstruation. While genetics may influence the variability of these symptoms and their severity among women, the exact causes remain unknown. We hypothesized that symptom variability originates from differences in the embryonic environment and thus development caused by variation in exposure to sex hormones. We measured the second to fourth digit ratios (2D:4D) in 402 young women and investigated the potential relationships of this ratio premenstrual symptoms using a generalized linear model. We found that two models (one with two predictors such as both hands' digit ratios and the other with the difference between the two digit ratios, Dr-l) were significantly different from the constant model as assessed by chi-square test. The right digit ratio and Dr-l were negatively related to the symptom scores, and the left digit ratio was related to the scores. When premenstrual symptoms were classified into eight categories, five categories, including pain, concentration, autonomic reaction, negative affect, and control were associated with the digit ratios and Dr-l. Behavioral changes and water retention were not predicted by them. Arousal was predicted by Dr-l. The right 2D:4D is thought to be determined by the balance of testosterone and estrogen levels during early embryogenesis and is not affected by postpartum levels of sex hormones, while the left 2D:4D might be affected by the other prenatal environmental factors. We conclude that the embryonic environment, including the relative concentration of sex hormones an embryo is exposed to, is associated with the severity of premenstrual symptoms once menarche is reached.
育龄女性在月经来潮前常常会经历各种不适症状。虽然基因可能会影响这些症状在女性中的变异性及其严重程度，但确切原因仍不清楚。我们推测症状变异性源于胚胎环境的差异，进而源于性激素暴露差异所导致的发育差异。我们测量了402名年轻女性的食指与无名指比例（2D:4D），并使用广义线性模型研究了该比例与经前症状之间的潜在关系。我们发现，通过卡方检验评估，两个模型（一个有两个预测因子，如双手的指比例；另一个是两个指比例的差值，即Dr-l）与常数模型存在显著差异。右手指比例和Dr-l与症状评分呈负相关，而左手指比例与评分有关。当经前症状被分为八类时，包括疼痛、注意力、自主反应、消极情绪和控制在内的五类症状与指比例和Dr-l相关。行为变化和水分潴留无法由它们预测。唤醒由Dr-l预测。右手2D:4D被认为是由胚胎早期发育过程中睾酮和雌激素水平的平衡决定的，不受产后性激素水平的影响，而左手2D:4D可能受其他产前环境因素的影响。我们得出结论，胚胎环境，包括胚胎所接触的性激素的相对浓度，在初潮后与经前症状的严重程度相关。
