Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, c/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
J Chromatogr A. 2018 Jul 20;1559:2-16. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.044. Epub 2017 Sep 22.
The molten organic salts with melting point below 100°C, commonly called ionic liquids (ILs) have found numerous uses in separation sciences due to their exceptional properties as non molecular solvents, namely, a negligible vapor pressure, a high thermal stability, and unique solvating properties due to polarity and their ionic character of molten salts. Other properties, such as viscosity, boiling point, water solubility, and electrochemical window, are adjustable playing with which anion is associated with which cation. This review focuses on recent development of the uses of ILs in separation techniques actualizing our 2008 article (same authors, J. Chromatogr. A, 1184 (2008) 6-18) focusing on alkyl methylimidazolium salts. These developments include the use of ILs in nuclear waste reprocessing, highly thermally stable ILs that allowed for the introduction of polar gas chromatography capillary columns able to work at temperature never seen before (passing 300°C), the use of ILs in liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, and the introduction of tailor-made ILs for mass spectrometry detection of trace anions at the few femtogram level. The recently introduced deep eutectic solvents are not exactly ILs, they are related enough so that their properties and uses in countercurrent chromatography are presented.
具有 100°C 以下熔点的熔融有机盐通常被称为离子液体（ILs），由于其作为非分子溶剂的特殊性质，即在熔融盐中具有极性和离子特性，因此在分离科学中有着广泛的应用。这些特殊性质包括可以忽略不计的蒸气压、高的热稳定性和独特的溶解性质。其他性质，如粘度、沸点、水溶性和电化学窗口，可以通过与哪个阴离子相关联来调整。本文重点介绍了离子液体在分离技术中的最新应用，这些应用是对我们 2008 年的文章（同一作者，J. Chromatogr. A，1184（2008）6-18）的扩展，该文章重点介绍了烷基甲基咪唑盐。这些发展包括离子液体在核废料再处理中的应用、非常热稳定的离子液体，使得能够引入极性气相色谱毛细管柱，这些柱子能够在以前从未见过的温度下工作（超过 300°C）、离子液体在液相色谱和毛细管电泳中的应用以及定制离子液体在痕量阴离子的质谱检测中的应用，检测水平可达几个飞克。最近引入的深共晶溶剂并不是真正的离子液体，但它们足够相关，因此在逆流色谱中介绍了它们的性质和应用。
