Vallejo Beatriz, Picazo Cecilia, Orozco Helena, Matallana Emilia, Aranda Agustín
Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
Sci Rep. 2017 Sep 29;7(1):12414. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12794-6.
Glufosinate ammonium (GA) is a widely used herbicide that inhibits glutamine synthetase. This inhibition leads to internal amino acid starvation which, in turn, causes the activation of different nutrient sensing pathways. GA also inhibits the enzyme of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in such a way that, although it is not used as a fungicide, it may alter yeast performance in industrial processes like winemaking. We describe herein how GA indeed inhibits the yeast growth of a wine strain during the fermentation of grape juice. In turn, GA extends longevity in a variety of growth media. The biochemical analysis indicates that GA partially inhibits the nutrient sensing TORC1 pathway, which may explain these phenotypes. The GCN2 kinase mutant is hypersensitive to GA. Hence the control of translation and amino acid biosynthesis is required to also deal with the damaging effects of this pesticide. A global metabolomics analysis under winemaking conditions indicated that an increase in amino acid and in polyamines occurred. In conclusion, GA affects many different biochemical processes during winemaking, which provides us with some insights into both the effect of this herbicide on yeast physiology and into the relevance of the metabolic step for connecting nitrogen and carbon metabolism.
草铵膦铵盐（GA）是一种广泛使用的除草剂，它能抑制谷氨酰胺合成酶。这种抑制作用会导致细胞内氨基酸饥饿，进而引发不同营养感应途径的激活。GA还以某种方式抑制酿酒酵母的酶，尽管它不作为杀菌剂使用，但可能会改变酵母在酿酒等工业过程中的性能。我们在此描述了GA在葡萄汁发酵过程中确实会抑制葡萄酒菌株的酵母生长。反过来，GA能延长多种生长培养基中的寿命。生化分析表明，GA部分抑制营养感应TORC1途径，这可能解释了这些表型。GCN2激酶突变体对GA高度敏感。因此，控制翻译和氨基酸生物合成对于应对这种农药的破坏作用也是必要的。在酿酒条件下进行的全局代谢组学分析表明，氨基酸和多胺有所增加。总之，GA在酿酒过程中会影响许多不同的生化过程，这为我们提供了一些关于这种除草剂对酵母生理学的影响以及连接氮和碳代谢的代谢步骤的相关性的见解。
