Neuhauser Linda
School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley.
Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;240:303-329.
Health communication is an essential health promotion strategy to convert scientific findings into actionable, empowering information for the public. Health communication interventions have shown positive outcomes, but many efforts have been disappointing. A key weakness is that expert-designed health communication is often overly generic and not adequately aligned with the abilities, preferences and life situations of specific audiences. The emergence of the field of health literacy is providing powerful theoretical guidance and practice strategies. Health literacy, in concert with other determinants of health, has greatly advanced understanding of factors that facilitate or hinder health promotion at individual, organizational and community settings. However, health literacy models are incomplete and interventions have shown only modest success to date. A challenge is to move beyond the current focus on individual comprehension and address deeper factors of motivation, self-efficacy and empowerment, as well as socio-environmental influences, and their impact to improve health outcomes and reduce health disparities. Integrating participatory design theory and methods drawn from social sciences and design sciences can significantly improve health literacy models and interventions. Likewise, researchers and practitioners using participatory design can greatly benefit from incorporating health literacy principles into their efforts. Such interventions at multiple levels are showing positive health outcomes and reduction of health disparities, but this approach is complex and not yet widespread. This chapter focuses on research findings about health literacy and participatory design to improve health promotion, and practical guidance and case examples for researchers, practitioners and policymakers.
健康传播是一项至关重要的健康促进策略，旨在将科学发现转化为公众可采取行动的、具有赋能作用的信息。健康传播干预已显示出积极成果，但许多努力却令人失望。一个关键弱点在于，专家设计的健康传播往往过于笼统，与特定受众的能力、偏好和生活状况不够契合。健康素养领域的出现提供了强有力的理论指导和实践策略。健康素养与其他健康决定因素共同作用，极大地推动了人们对在个体、组织和社区层面促进或阻碍健康促进的因素的理解。然而，健康素养模型并不完善，迄今为止干预措施仅取得了有限的成功。一项挑战是超越当前对个体理解的关注，解决动机、自我效能感和赋能等更深层次的因素，以及社会环境影响及其对改善健康结果和减少健康差距的影响。整合源自社会科学和设计科学的参与式设计理论与方法，能够显著改进健康素养模型和干预措施。同样，运用参与式设计的研究人员和从业者可通过将健康素养原则纳入其工作而受益匪浅。这种多层次干预正显示出积极的健康成果并减少健康差距，但这种方法较为复杂，尚未广泛应用。本章重点介绍有关健康素养和参与式设计以改善健康促进的研究结果，以及为研究人员、从业者和政策制定者提供的实践指导和案例。
