Regional levels of neurotransmitter markers in the pigeon telencephalon: a comparison with possibly homologous areas of the rat telencephalon.

The levels of cholinergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic), and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter markers have been measured in 18 regions of the pigeon telencephalon as well as in supposedly homologous areas of the rat telencephalon. Among the basal telencephalic areas, some similar patterns of regional distribution were observed, with the noticeable exception of the ratio of levels of cholinergic markers between the striatum and globus pallidus, which was much larger in the rat than in the pigeon. In the rat cortical areas, some interesting differences were noticed among the archicortex, the paleocortex, and various parts of the neocortex. In particular, the area identified as prefrontal cortex by previous studies was significantly richer in cholinergic and excitatory amino acid markers and poorer in GABAergic activity than other neocortical regions. In the pigeon, presumedly neocortical equivalent areas--in particular, those constituting the dorsal ventricular ridge--were quite variable in levels of cholinergic markers, and some apparently well-established areas homologous to mammalian neocortex showed exceptionally low levels of cholinergic markers. The higher variability in levels of neurotransmitter-related markers shown by cortically equivalent areas of the avian dorsal ventricular ridge, as compared with the more uniform pattern present in basal telencephalic regions, may be the result of a greater plasticity of these structures during evolution, in response to different selective pressures.