Lab'Urba EA3482, Ecole des Ingénieurs de la Ville de Paris, EIVP, Paris, France.
Lab'Urba EA3482, Ecole des Ingénieurs de la Ville de Paris, EIVP, Paris, France.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Feb 15;615:588-596. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.334. Epub 2017 Oct 6.
Recent studies report that outdoor air pollution will become the main environmental cause of premature death over the next few decades (OECD, 2012; WHO, 2014; World Bank, 2016). Cities are considered hot spots and urban populations are particularly exposed. There is therefore an urgent need to adapt urban systems and urban design to tackle this issue. While most European cities have introduced measures to reduce emissions, action is still required to reduce concentrations and exposure, and a holistic approach to urban design is badly needed. The concept of urban resilience, defined by Holling (1987) as the ability of a city to absorb a disturbance while maintaining its functions and structures, may offer a new paradigm for tackling urban air pollution. We propose to adapt the concept of urban resilience to outdoor air pollution. A method has been developed to assess the resilience of an urban area to outdoor air pollution. Three "resilience capacities" have been identified: the capacity of an urban area to decrease air pollution emissions, the capacity to decrease concentrations and the capacity to decrease exposure. The calculation is based on the analysis of urban design, defined as the pattern of buildings as well as the structural elements that define an urban area (urban morphology; transport network, services and land use). For each resilience capacity, indicators are calculated using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a grid-based approach. This method has been implemented in the Greater Paris area within a 500m grid-cell system. Greater Paris is one of the densest urban areas in Europe and experiences high air pollution levels. The proposed "quick scan" method helps to localize areas where specific action is needed.
最近的研究报告指出，在未来几十年内，室外空气污染将成为导致过早死亡的主要环境因素（经合组织，2012 年；世界卫生组织，2014 年；世界银行，2016 年）。城市被认为是热点地区，城市人口尤其容易受到影响。因此，迫切需要使城市系统和城市设计适应这一问题。虽然大多数欧洲城市已经采取了减少排放的措施，但仍需要采取行动来降低浓度和暴露程度，并且迫切需要采用整体方法进行城市设计。城市弹性的概念由 Holling（1987 年）定义为城市吸收干扰而保持其功能和结构的能力，它可能为解决城市空气污染问题提供一个新的范例。我们建议将城市弹性的概念应用于室外空气污染。已经开发了一种方法来评估城市区域对室外空气污染的弹性。已经确定了三种“弹性能力”：城市区域减少空气污染排放的能力、降低浓度的能力和降低暴露的能力。该计算基于对城市设计的分析，城市设计定义为建筑物的模式以及定义城市区域的结构要素（城市形态；交通网络、服务和土地利用）。对于每种弹性能力，都使用地理信息系统（GIS）和基于网格的方法计算指标。该方法已在大巴黎地区的 500m 网格单元系统中实施。大巴黎是欧洲人口最密集的城市之一，空气污染水平很高。所提出的“快速扫描”方法有助于定位需要采取具体行动的区域。
