Superoxide drives progression of Parkin/PINK1-dependent mitophagy following translocation of Parkin to mitochondria.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitophagy are profoundly implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Several studies have suggested that ROS are not involved in mitochondrial translocation of Parkin which primes mitochondria for autophagic elimination. However, whether ROS play a role in the execution of mitophagy is unknown. In the present study, we show that carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) treatment induced both mitochondrial depolarization and generation of ROS that were needed for the mitophagy process. Cells failed to proceed to complete mitophagy if CCCP treatment was discontinued even after recruitment of Parkin and autophagy machinery to mitochondria. Notably, treatment of pro-oxidant was able to replace CCCP treatment to take mitophagy forward, while it alone was insufficient to induce translocation of Parkin to mitochondria or autophagic clearance of mitochondria. In addition, an SOD mimetic that attenuated the superoxide level suppressed mitophagy, while an SOD inhibitor accumulated cellular superoxide and promoted mitophagy. Furthermore, blockage of the p38 signaling pathway inhibited mitophagy induced by ROS, suggesting that it may contribute to the activation of ROS-mediated mitophagy. Together, our study sheds light on the link between ROS and mitophagy at a molecular level, and suggests the therapeutic potential of regulating mitophagy through the superoxide-p38-mitophagy axis.