Li Ti O Anode: Structural Design from Material to Electrode and the Construction of Energy Storage Devices.

Spinel Li Ti O , known as a zero-strain material, is capable to be a competent anode material for promising applications in state-of-art electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs). Compared with commercial graphite, spinel Li Ti O offers a high operating potential of ∼1.55 V vs Li/Li , negligible volume expansion during Li intercalation process and excellent thermal stability, leading to high safety and favorable cyclability. Despite the merits of Li Ti O been presented, there still remains the issue of Li Ti O suffering from poor electronic conductivity, manifesting disadvantageous rate performance. Typically, a material modification process of Li Ti O will be proposed to overcome such an issue. However, the previous reports have made few investigations and achievements to analyze the subsequent processes after a material modification process. In this review, we attempt to put considerable interest in complete device design and assembly process with its material structure design (or modification process), electrode structure design and device construction design. Moreover, we have systematically concluded a series of representative design schemes, which can be divided into three major categories involving: (1) nanostructures design, conductive material coating process and doping process on material level; (2) self-supporting or flexible electrode structure design on electrode level; (3) rational assembling of lithium ion full cell or lithium ion capacitor on device level. We believe that these rational designs can give an advanced performance for Li Ti O -based energy storage device and deliver a deep inspiration.