Prasifka J R, Mallinger R E, Hulke B S, Larson S R, Van Tassel D
Northern Crop Science Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND.
USDA-ARS, Forage and Range Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-6300.
Environ Entomol. 2017 Dec 8;46(6):1339-1345. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvx134.
Sampling in Kansas and North Dakota documented the plant-herbivore and plant-pollinator interactions of the developing perennial oilseed crop, Silphium integrifolium Michx. The larva of the tortricid moth, Eucosma giganteana (Riley), was the most damaging floret- and seed-feeding pest in Kansas, with infested heads producing ≈85% (2015) or ≈45% (2016) fewer seeds than apparently undamaged heads. Necrosis of apical meristems caused stunting and delayed bloom in Kansas; though the source of the necrosis is not known, observations of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois; Hemiptera: Miridae), in S. integrifolium terminals suggest a possible cause. In North Dakota, E. giganteana larvae were not found, but pupae of Neotephritis finalis (Loew; Diptera: Tephritidae), a minor pest of cultivated sunflower, were common in the heads of S. integrifolium. Bees appeared highly attracted to S. integrifolium, and in all but one observation, bees were seen actively collecting pollen. The most common bees included large apids (Apis mellifera L., Svastra obliqua [Say], Melissodes spp.) and small-bodied halictids (Lasioglossum [Dialictus] spp.). Controlled pollination experiments demonstrated that S. integrifolium is pollinator dependent, due to both mechanical barriers (imperfect florets and protogyny) and genetic self-incompatibility. Subsequent greenhouse tests and AFLP confirmation of putative self-progeny show that a low (<1%) level of self-pollination is possible. If genetic self-incompatibility is eventually reduced through breeding, mechanical barriers would maintain a reliance on bees to move pollen between male and female florets. Collectively, observations on S. integrifolium show that both herbivore and pollinator management are important to maximize seed production.
在堪萨斯州和北达科他州进行的抽样研究记录了正在生长的多年生油料作物全缘叶金光菊（Silphium integrifolium Michx.）的植物-食草动物以及植物-传粉者之间的相互作用。卷蛾科蛾类巨桉小卷蛾（Eucosma giganteana [Riley]）的幼虫是堪萨斯州最具破坏性的取食小花和种子的害虫，受侵染的花头所产种子比明显未受损害的花头少约85%（2015年）或约45%（2016年）。在堪萨斯州，顶端分生组织坏死导致植株发育迟缓并延迟开花；尽管坏死的原因尚不清楚，但在全缘叶金光菊植株顶端观察到牧草盲蝽（Lygus lineolaris [Palisot de Beauvois；半翅目：盲蝽科]）表明了一个可能的原因。在北达科他州，未发现巨桉小卷蛾幼虫，但在全缘叶金光菊的花头中常见向日葵的次要害虫——细腹实蝇（Neotephritis finalis [Loew；双翅目：实蝇科]）的蛹。蜜蜂似乎对全缘叶金光菊有高度吸引力，除一次观察外，在所有观察中都能看到蜜蜂积极采集花粉。最常见的蜜蜂包括大型蜜蜂（西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera L.、斜纹彩带蜂Svastra obliqua [Say]、拟蜜蜂属Melissodes spp.）和小型隧蜂（Dialictus隧蜂亚属Lasioglossum [Dialictus] spp.）。控制授粉实验表明，由于机械障碍（小花不完善和雌蕊先熟）以及遗传自交不亲和性，全缘叶金光菊依赖传粉者传粉。随后的温室试验以及对假定自交后代的AFLP验证表明，存在低水平（<1%）的自花授粉可能性。如果通过育种最终降低遗传自交不亲和性，机械障碍仍会使植株依赖蜜蜂在雄花和雌花之间传播花粉。总体而言，对全缘叶金光菊的观察表明，食草动物和传粉者的管理对于实现种子产量最大化都很重要。
