“携尸被捕”却受法律保护？好撒玛利亚人法背景下因阿片类药物过量拨打 911。
"Caught with a body" yet protected by law? Calling 911 for opioid overdose in the context of the Good Samaritan Law.
机构信息
Baltimore City Health Department, 1001 East Fayette Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, United States; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Behavioral Health System Baltimore, 100 South Charles Street, Tower II, 8th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21202, United States.
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Behavioral Health System Baltimore, 100 South Charles Street, Tower II, 8th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21202, United States.
出版信息
Int J Drug Policy. 2017 Dec;50:82-89. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.09.010. Epub 2017 Oct 16.
BACKGROUND
To address soaring opioid overdose fatality rates, 41U.S. states have passed Good Samaritan Laws (GSLs) extending legal immunity to overdose bystanders who call for emergency assistance. This study, conducted during the period that followed implementation of a GSL, aimed to characterize current factors determining the decision to call for emergency medical help (911) at the scene of an overdose with specific attention to exploring the role of the GSL as one such factor in decision-making.
METHODS
We conducted 22 in-depth interviews with needle exchange program clients in Baltimore, MD.
RESULTS
Most participants reported calling 911 or witnessing a 911 call after drug overdose, but widely remained fearful of arrest for drug or paraphernalia possession, homicide, outstanding warrants, and/or trespassing. These concerns were underpinned by a history of police maltreatment and threat, and strong distrust of police; concerns which were specifically related to perceptions of police conduct at the scene of an overdose as well as perceptions of police conduct in general. Additional considerations included: fear of losing housing, informal shelter or custody of children; encountering social stigma; and facing violent and fatal repercussions at the hands of local drug dealers. Additionally, some participants did not perceive a significant enough medical risk to call 911. Two thirds of participants were unaware of the GSL. Some believed a GSL would positively impact law enforcement behaviour and increase the likelihood of a bystander call; but due to distrust of police, others believed the GSL would have little influence on bystander decisions.
CONCLUSION
Insights from overdose bystanders during the post-implementation period of a Good Samaritan Law demonstrate persistent deterrents to bystanders calling 911 after overdose. Additional measures are needed to align policy aims with lived experiences of overdose bystanders, and to achieve overdose prevention aims.
背景
为了解决阿片类药物过量致死率飙升的问题，美国 41 个州通过了《好撒玛利亚人法》（Good Samaritan Laws，GSLs），为拨打急救电话寻求援助的旁观者因过量用药提供法律豁免。本研究在 GSL 实施后进行，旨在描述当前决定在药物过量现场拨打紧急医疗救助（911）的因素，特别关注探索 GSL 作为决定因素之一在决策中的作用。
方法
我们对马里兰州巴尔的摩市的针具交换项目客户进行了 22 次深入访谈。
结果
大多数参与者报告在药物过量后拨打了 911 或目睹了 911 电话，但仍普遍担心因持有毒品或相关物品、杀人、未决逮捕令和/或非法侵入而被捕。这些担忧源于过去警察的虐待和威胁，以及对警察的强烈不信任；这些担忧与他们对警察在药物过量现场的行为以及对警察行为的普遍看法有关。其他考虑因素包括：担心失去住房、非正式住所或子女抚养权；面临社会耻辱；以及面临当地毒贩的暴力和致命后果。此外，一些参与者认为没有足够大的医疗风险来拨打 911。三分之二的参与者不知道 GSL。一些人认为 GSL 会对执法行为产生积极影响，并增加旁观者打电话的可能性；但由于对警察的不信任，其他人认为 GSL 对旁观者的决定影响不大。
结论
在《好撒玛利亚人法》实施后的时期，从药物过量旁观者那里获得的见解表明，旁观者在药物过量后拨打 911 的仍然存在一些阻碍因素。需要采取额外措施，使政策目标与药物过量旁观者的实际经历保持一致，并实现药物过量预防目标。
Zotero 插件