Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Jan;25(1):782-789. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-0422-3. Epub 2017 Oct 23.
Delayed sowing of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in cotton-based system reduces the productivity and profitability of the cotton-wheat cropping system. In this scenario, relay cropping of wheat in standing cotton might be a viable option to ensure the timely wheat sowing with simultaneous improvement in wheat yields and system profitability. This 2-year study (2012-2013 and 2013-2014) aimed to evaluate the influence of sowing dates and relay cropping combined with different management techniques of cotton sticks on the wheat yield, soil physical properties, and the profitability of the cotton-wheat system. The experiment consisted of five treatments viz. (S1) sowing of wheat at the 7th of November by conventional tillage (two disc harrows + one rotavator + two plankings) after the removal of cotton sticks, (S2) sowing of wheat at the 7th of November by conventional tillage (two disc harrows + two plankings) after the incorporation of cotton sticks in the field with a rotavator, (S3) sowing of wheat at the 7th of November as relay crop in standing cotton with broadcast method, (S4) sowing of wheat at the 15th of December by conventional tillage (two disc harrows + one rotavator + two plankings) after the removal of cotton sticks, and (S5) sowing of wheat at the 15th of December by conventional tillage (two disc harrows + two plankings) after the incorporation of cotton sticks in the field with a rotavator. The highest seed cotton yield was observed in the S5 treatment which was statistically similar with the S3 and S4 treatments; seed cotton yield in the S1 and S2 treatments has been the lowest in both years of experimentation. However, the S2 treatment produced substantially higher root length, biological yield, and grain yield of wheat than the other treatments. The lower soil bulk density at 0-10-cm depth was recorded in the S2 treatment which was statistically similar with the S5 treatment during both years of experimentation. The volumetric water contents, net benefit, and benefit-cost ratio were the highest in the S3 treatment during both years of experimentation. Thus, relay cropping of wheat in standing cotton might be a viable option to improve the soil physical environment and profitability of the cotton-wheat cropping system.
小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）在棉花种植系统中的延迟播种会降低棉花-小麦种植系统的生产力和盈利能力。在这种情况下，在棉花行间套种小麦可能是一种可行的选择，可以确保及时播种小麦，同时提高小麦产量和系统盈利能力。这项为期两年的研究（2012-2013 年和 2013-2014 年）旨在评估播种日期和套种结合棉花残茬不同管理技术对小麦产量、土壤物理性质和棉花-小麦系统盈利能力的影响。该试验包括五个处理，分别为：（S1）11 月 7 日，采用常规耕作（两架圆盘耙+一架旋耕机+两架镇压耙），在移除棉花残茬后播种小麦；（S2）11 月 7 日，采用常规耕作（两架圆盘耙+两架镇压耙），在田间用旋耕机将棉花残茬翻入土中后播种小麦；（S3）11 月 7 日，作为间作作物，在直立棉株行间撒播小麦；（S4）12 月 15 日，在移除棉花残茬后，采用常规耕作（两架圆盘耙+一架旋耕机+两架镇压耙）播种小麦；（S5）12 月 15 日，在田间用旋耕机将棉花残茬翻入土中后，采用常规耕作（两架圆盘耙+两架镇压耙）播种小麦。S5 处理的皮棉产量最高，在两年的试验中与 S3 和 S4 处理均无显著差异；S1 和 S2 处理的皮棉产量在两年的试验中均最低。然而，S2 处理的小麦根长、生物产量和籽粒产量均显著高于其他处理。S2 处理在 0-10cm 土层的土壤容重最低，在两年的试验中与 S5 处理无显著差异。S3 处理的容积含水量、净收益和效益成本比在两年的试验中均最高。因此，在直立棉株行间套种小麦可能是一种可行的选择，可以改善土壤物理环境和棉花-小麦种植系统的盈利能力。
