Minhas Waqas Ahmed, Mumtaz Naima, Ur-Rehman Hafeez, Farooq Shahid, Farooq Muhammad, Ali Hayssam M, Hussain Mubshar
Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Front Plant Sci. 2023 Jul 13;14:1176738. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1176738. eCollection 2023.
Climate change, pest infestation, and soil degradation are significantly reducing wheat ( L.) yield. Wheat is cultivated in rice-wheat and cotton-wheat cropping systems and escalating global population is exerting substantial pressure on the efficiency of these systems. Conservation tillage and crop rotation could help in lowering soil degradation and pest infestation, and improving wheat yield.
This three-year study evaluated soil properties, weed infestation and wheat yield under various tillage and cropping systems. Six different cropping systems, i.e., cotton-wheat, sorghum-wheat, mungbean-wheat, rice-wheat, sunflower-wheat, and fallow-wheat (control) and three tillage systems, i.e., conventional tillage (CT), zero-tillage (ZT) and minimum tillage (MT) were included in the study.
The individual and interactive effects of tillage and cropping systems significantly affected soil properties, weed infestation and yield of wheat crop. Overall, CT resulted in lower soil bulk density and higher porosity, while ZT behaved oppositely at all locations in this regard. Similarly, mungbean-wheat cropping system resulted in lower bulk density and higher porosity and nitrogen (N) contents, while fallow-wheat cropping system resulted in higher bulk density, and lower soil porosity and N contents. Similarly, ZT and CT resulted in higher and lower weed infestation, respectively. Likewise, lower and higher weed density and biomass were recorded in wheat-sorghum and wheat-fallow cropping systems, respectively at all locations. In the same way higher number of productive tillers, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and economic returns of wheat crop were recorded for CT, whereas ZT resulted in lower values of these traits. Regarding interactions, wheat-mungbean cropping system with CT resulted in lower bulk density and higher porosity and N contents, whereas wheat-fallow system with ZT behaved oppositely at all locations in this regard. Similarly, higher and lower values for yield-related traits and economic returns of wheat crop were noted for mungbean-wheat cropping system under CT and fallow-wheat and sorghum-wheat cropping systems under ZT, respectively. It is concluded that the mungbean-wheat cropping system improved wheat productivity and soil health and sorghum-wheat cropping system could lower weed infestation. Therefore, these cropping systems can be practiced to lower weed infestation and improve wheat yield and economic returns.
气候变化、虫害和土壤退化正显著降低小麦（L.）产量。小麦种植于稻麦和棉麦种植系统中，而全球人口的不断增长正给这些系统的效率带来巨大压力。保护性耕作和作物轮作有助于减少土壤退化和虫害，并提高小麦产量。
这项为期三年的研究评估了不同耕作和种植系统下的土壤特性、杂草侵扰情况和小麦产量。研究纳入了六种不同的种植系统，即棉麦、高粱小麦、绿豆小麦、稻麦、向日葵小麦和休闲小麦（对照），以及三种耕作系统，即传统耕作（CT）、免耕（ZT）和少耕（MT）。
耕作和种植系统的个体及交互作用显著影响了土壤特性、杂草侵扰情况和小麦作物产量。总体而言，传统耕作导致土壤容重较低、孔隙度较高，而免耕在这方面在所有地点的表现则相反。同样，绿豆小麦种植系统导致容重较低、孔隙度和氮（N）含量较高，而休闲小麦种植系统导致容重较高、土壤孔隙度和氮含量较低。同样，免耕和传统耕作分别导致杂草侵扰较高和较低。同样，在所有地点，小麦高粱和小麦休闲种植系统分别记录到较低和较高的杂草密度及生物量。同样，传统耕作记录到小麦作物的有效分蘖数、每穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量和经济回报较高，而免耕导致这些性状的值较低。关于交互作用，绿豆小麦种植系统与传统耕作导致容重较低、孔隙度和氮含量较高，而休闲小麦系统与免耕在这方面在所有地点的表现则相反。同样，分别在传统耕作下的绿豆小麦种植系统和免耕下的休闲小麦及高粱小麦种植系统中，注意到小麦作物产量相关性状和经济回报的较高和较低值。得出的结论是，绿豆小麦种植系统提高了小麦生产力和土壤健康状况，高粱小麦种植系统可降低杂草侵扰。因此，可以采用这些种植系统来降低杂草侵扰，提高小麦产量和经济回报。
