François Leuret: the last moral therapist.

By the 1840s French psychiatrists had abandoned Moral Treatment as an individual psychological therapy, as opposed to an institutional practice. One advocate of Moral Treatment, however, would not go along with this movement. In three books and several papers published between 1834 and 1846, François Leuret (1797-1851) advocated aggressive psychological treatment. Recent commentators have understandably concentrated on the controversies surrounding Leuret's practices. What such an approach has failed to make clear, however, is that Leuret had a complex, systematic psychological theory supporting his clinical judgements. In addition to reviewing the controversies that surrounded Leuret, this paper spells out Leuret's psychological theory and shows how he used this theory to think about the individual psychotherapy he provided for his patients.