Hyun Jae Seog
Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.
World J Mens Health. 2018 Jan;36(1):15-21. doi: 10.5534/wjmh.17018. Epub 2017 Sep 25.
Prostatic calculi often occur in middle-aged and old men. Prostatic calculi are usually classified as primary/endogenous stones or secondary/extrinsic stones. Endogenous stones are commonly caused by obstruction of the prostatic ducts around the enlarged prostate by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or by chronic inflammation. Extrinsic stones occur mainly around the urethra, because they are caused by urine reflux. The exact prevalence of prostatic calculi is not known, and it has been reported to vary widely, from 7% to 70%. Most cases of prostatic calculi are not accompanied by symptoms. Therefore, most cases are found incidentally during the diagnosis of BPH using transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS). However, prostatic calculi associated with chronic prostatitis may be accompanied by chronic pelvic pain. Rare cases have been reported in which extrinsic prostatic calculi caused by urine reflux have led to voiding difficulty due to their size. More than 80% of prostatic calculi are composed of calcium phosphate. Prostatic calculi can be easily diagnosed using TRUS or computed tomography. Treatment is often unnecessary, but if an individual experiences difficulty in urination or chronic pain, prostatic calculi can be easily removed using a transurethral electroresection loop or holmium laser.
前列腺结石常见于中老年男性。前列腺结石通常分为原发性/内源性结石或继发性/外源性结石。内源性结石通常由良性前列腺增生（BPH）或慢性炎症导致前列腺周围的前列腺导管梗阻引起。外源性结石主要发生在尿道周围，因为它们是由尿液反流引起的。前列腺结石的确切患病率尚不清楚，据报道差异很大，从7%到70%不等。大多数前列腺结石病例无伴随症状。因此，大多数病例是在使用经直肠超声检查（TRUS）诊断BPH时偶然发现的。然而，与慢性前列腺炎相关的前列腺结石可能伴有慢性盆腔疼痛。有罕见病例报道，由尿液反流引起的外源性前列腺结石因其大小导致排尿困难。超过80%的前列腺结石由磷酸钙组成。使用TRUS或计算机断层扫描可以很容易地诊断前列腺结石。通常无需治疗，但如果个体出现排尿困难或慢性疼痛，可以使用经尿道电切环或钬激光轻松去除前列腺结石。
