Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
Chemosphere. 2018 Jan;191:685-703. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.089. Epub 2017 Oct 15.
This review summarizes major findings over the last decade related to N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water and wastewater. In particular, the review is focused on the removal of NDMA and of its precursors by conventional and advanced water and wastewater treatment processes. New information regarding formation mechanisms and precursors are discussed as well. NDMA precursors are generally of anthropogenic origin and their main source in water have been recognized to be wastewater discharges. Chloramination is the most common process that results in formation of NDMA during water and wastewater treatment. However, ozonation of wastewater or highly contaminated surface water can also generate significant levels of NDMA. Thus, NDMA formation control and remediation has become of increasing interest, particularly during treatment of wastewater-impacted water and during potable reuse application. NDMA formation has also been associated with the use of quaternary amine-based coagulants and anion exchange resins. UV photolysis with UV fluence far higher than typical disinfection doses is generally considered the most efficient technology for NDMA mitigation. However, recent studies on the optimization of biological processes offer a potentially lower-energy solution. Options for NDMA control include attenuation of precursor materials through physical removal, biological treatment, and/or deactivation by application of oxidants. Nevertheless, NDMA precursor identification and removal can be challenging and additional research and optimization is needed. As municipal wastewater becomes increasingly used as a source water for drinking, NDMA formation and mitigation strategies will become increasingly more important. The following review provides a summary of the most recent information available.
这篇综述总结了过去十年中与水和废水中的 N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）相关的主要发现。特别是，本综述重点关注了传统和先进的水和废水处理工艺对 NDMA 及其前体的去除。还讨论了有关形成机制和前体的新信息。NDMA 前体通常具有人为来源，其在水中的主要来源已被确认为废水排放。氯胺化是在水和废水处理过程中导致 NDMA 形成的最常见过程。然而，废水或高度污染的地表水的臭氧处理也会产生大量的 NDMA。因此，NDMA 形成的控制和修复变得越来越重要，特别是在处理受废水影响的水和在饮用水再利用应用中。NDMA 的形成也与季铵盐基混凝剂和阴离子交换树脂的使用有关。紫外线光解的紫外线通量远高于典型的消毒剂量，通常被认为是降低 NDMA 的最有效技术。然而，最近关于优化生物过程的研究提供了一种潜在的低能耗解决方案。NDMA 控制的选择包括通过物理去除、生物处理和/或应用氧化剂使前体材料失活来衰减前体材料。然而，NDMA 前体的识别和去除可能具有挑战性，需要进一步的研究和优化。随着城市废水越来越多地被用作饮用水源，NDMA 的形成和缓解策略将变得越来越重要。以下综述提供了最新可用信息的摘要。
