Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 700 Moreno Avenue, La Verne, CA 91750, USA.
Water Res. 2013 Sep 1;47(13):4433-50. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.050. Epub 2013 May 16.
This review summarizes major findings over the last decade related to nitrosamines in drinking water, with a particular focus on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), because it is among the most widely detected nitrosamines in drinking waters. The reaction of inorganic dichloramine with amine precursors is likely the dominant mechanism responsible for NDMA formation in drinking waters. Even when occurrence surveys found NDMA formation in chlorinated drinking waters, it is unclear whether chloramination resulted from ammonia in the source waters. NDMA formation has been associated with the use of quaternary amine-based coagulants and anion exchange resins, and wastewater-impaired source waters. Specific NDMA precursors in wastewater-impacted source waters may include tertiary amine-containing pharmaceuticals or other quaternary amine-containing constituents of personal care products. Options for nitrosamine control include physical removal of precursors by activated carbon or precursor deactivation by application of oxidants, particularly ozone or chlorine, upstream of chloramination. Although NDMA has been the most prevalent nitrosamine detected in worldwide occurrence surveys, it may account for only ≈ 5% of all nitrosamines in chloraminated drinking waters. Other significant contributors to total nitrosamines are poorly characterized. However, high levels of certain low molecular weight nitrosamines have been detected in certain Chinese waters suspected to be impaired by industrial effluents. The review concludes by identifying research needs that should be addressed over the next decade.
这篇综述总结了过去十年中与饮用水中亚硝胺相关的主要发现，特别关注 N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA），因为它是饮用水中检测到的最广泛的亚硝胺之一。无机二氯胺与胺前体的反应可能是饮用水中 NDMA 形成的主要机制。即使在发生调查中发现氯化饮用水中形成了 NDMA，也不清楚氯胺化是否是由水源水中的氨引起的。NDMA 的形成与使用季铵盐类混凝剂和阴离子交换树脂以及受废水影响的水源有关。受废水影响的水源中的特定 NDMA 前体可能包括含有叔胺的药物或个人护理产品中其他含季铵盐的成分。亚硝胺控制的选择包括通过活性炭去除前体或通过在氯胺化之前应用氧化剂（特别是臭氧或氯气）使前体失活。尽管 NDMA 是全球发生调查中检测到的最普遍的亚硝胺，但它可能只占氯胺化饮用水中亚硝胺总量的 ≈5%。其他重要的亚硝胺贡献者的特征描述较差。然而，在某些疑似受工业废水影响的中国水中，已经检测到某些低分子量亚硝胺的高浓度。综述最后确定了未来十年应解决的研究需求。
