Synaptic and nonsynaptic release of neuromediators in the central nervous system.

Different types of release site were studied ultrastructurally with tannic acid and immunohistochemical techniques in the central nervous system (CNS) of the invertebrate pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis and in two neuromediator rich core regions in the CNS of the rat, viz., the median eminence (ME) and the mesencephalic central grey substance (MCG). In the CNS of the snail, release of the contents of the secretory granules could be clearly demonstrated in (1) neurohaemal axonterminals, (2) synapses and (3) in nonsynaptic release sites: neuronal processes without morphological synaptic specializations. In the ME, release of secretory products by exocytosis was found in neurohaemal axonterminals in the external part of the palisade layer and in nonsynaptic release sites in all other layers of the median eminence. It was found that oxytocine and vasopressin were released by exocytosis into the extracellular space from such (preterminal) nonsynaptic release sites. Serial section analysis revealed three types of fibre in the MCG, viz. (1) varicose fibres that made synaptic contacts with MCG dendrites on every varicosity, (2) fibres with two types of varicosity, viz. synapse-bearing varicosities and varicosities without synaptic specializations, and (3) varicose fibres without any synaptic specializations. It has been discussed that the nonsynaptic release sites in the CNS of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, and the nonsynaptic varicosities in the rat brain are the morphological correlates of nonsynaptic communication in the CNS. The results further indicate that particular peptidergic neuromediators are released from such nonsynaptic varicosities, and may reach via the extracellular space receptors located at some distance.