Department of Biology and Center for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
Science. 2017 Nov 3;358(6363). doi: 10.1126/science.aam8327.
Our planet is an increasingly urbanized landscape, with over half of the human population residing in cities. Despite advances in urban ecology, we do not adequately understand how urbanization affects the evolution of organisms, nor how this evolution may affect ecosystems and human health. Here, we review evidence for the effects of urbanization on the evolution of microbes, plants, and animals that inhabit cities. Urbanization affects adaptive and nonadaptive evolutionary processes that shape the genetic diversity within and between populations. Rapid adaptation has facilitated the success of some native species in urban areas, but it has also allowed human pests and disease to spread more rapidly. The nascent field of urban evolution brings together efforts to understand evolution in response to environmental change while developing new hypotheses concerning adaptation to urban infrastructure and human socioeconomic activity. The next generation of research on urban evolution will provide critical insight into the importance of evolution for sustainable interactions between humans and our city environments.
我们的星球正日益城市化，超过一半的人口居住在城市中。尽管城市生态学取得了进步，但我们仍不能充分了解城市化如何影响生物的进化，也不知道这种进化会如何影响生态系统和人类健康。在这里，我们回顾了城市化对居住在城市中的微生物、植物和动物进化的影响的证据。城市化影响了塑造种群内和种群间遗传多样性的适应性和非适应性进化过程。快速适应使一些本地物种在城市地区取得了成功，但也使人类害虫和疾病传播得更快。城市进化这一新兴领域汇集了努力，一方面理解对环境变化的进化反应，另一方面提出有关适应城市基础设施和人类社会经济活动的新假说。关于城市进化的下一代研究将为了解进化对人类与城市环境之间可持续互动的重要性提供关键的见解。
