Dual targeting improves capture of ultrasound microbubbles towards activated platelets but yields no additional benefit for imaging of arterial thrombosis.

Platelets can be found on the surface of inflamed and ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, targeting of activated platelets may allow for molecular imaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions. We here investigated microbubbles (MB) functionalized with the selectin ligand sialyl Lewis individually (MB) or dually with sLe and an antibody targeting ligand-induced binding sites of the activated GPIIb/IIIa receptor (MB). Assessed by in vitro flow chamber, targeted MB exhibited increased adhesion to platelets as compared to MB. While MB rolled slowly on the platelets' surface, MB enhanced the percentage of firm adhesion. In vivo, MB were investigated by ultrasound in a model of ferric chloride induced non-occlusive carotid artery thrombosis. MB and MB revealed a higher ultrasound mean acoustic intensity than MB (p < 0.05), however MB demonstrated no additional increase in mean signal intensity as compared to MB. The degree of carotid artery stenosis on histology correlated well with the ultrasound acoustic intensity of targeted MB (p < 0.05). While dual targeting of MB using fast binding carbohydrate polymers and specific antibodies is a promising strategy to support adhesion to activated platelets under arterial shear stress, these advantages seem not readily translatable to in vivo models.