Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Center of Fetal Medicine and Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Environ Int. 2018 Jan;110:51-60. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.005.
Previous studies have demonstrated widespread exposure of humans to certain benzophenones commonly used as UV filters or UV absorbers; some of which have been demonstrated to have endocrine disrupting abilities.
To examine whether benzophenones present in pregnant women pass through the placental barrier to amniotic fluid and further to the fetal blood circulation.
A prospective study of 200 pregnant women with simultaneously collected paired samples of amniotic fluid and maternal serum and urine. In addition, unique samples of human fetal blood (n=4) obtained during cordocentesis: and cord blood (n=23) obtained at delivery, both with paired maternal samples of serum and urine collected simultaneously, were used. All biological samples were analyzed by TurboFlow-liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry for seven different benzophenones.
Benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-methyl-benzophenone (4-MBP), and 4-hydroxy-benzophenone (4-HBP) were all detectable in amniotic fluid and cord blood samples and except 4-HBP also in fetal blood; albeit at a low frequency. BP-1 and BP-3 were measured at ~10-times lower concentrations in fetal and cord blood compared to maternal serum and 1000-times lower concentration compared to maternal urine levels. Therefore BP-1 and BP-3 were only detectable in the fetal circulation in cases of high maternal exposure indicating some protection by the placental barrier. 4-MBP seems to pass into fetal and cord blood more freely with a median 1:3 ratio between cord blood and maternal serum levels. Only for BP-3, which the women seemed to be most exposed to, did the measured concentrations in maternal urine and serum correlate to concentrations measured in amniotic fluid. Thus, for BP-3, but not for the other tested benzophenones, maternal urinary levels seem to be a valid proxy for fetal exposure.
Detectable levels of several of the investigated benzophenones in human amniotic fluid as well as in fetal and cord blood calls for further investigations of the toxicokinetic and potential endocrine disrupting properties of these compounds in order for better assessment of the risk to the developing fetus.
先前的研究表明，人类广泛接触到某些常用作紫外线滤光剂或紫外线吸收剂的二苯甲酮；其中一些已被证明具有内分泌干扰能力。
检测孕妇体内的二苯甲酮是否穿过胎盘屏障进入羊水，进而进入胎儿血液循环。
对 200 名孕妇进行前瞻性研究，同时采集羊水、母血清和尿液的配对样本。此外，还使用了在脐带穿刺术期间获得的独特的人胎儿血液样本（n=4）和分娩时获得的脐带血样本（n=23），同时采集配对的母血清和尿液样本。所有生物样本均采用 TurboFlow-液相色谱-串联质谱法分析七种不同的二苯甲酮。
二苯甲酮-1（BP-1）、二苯甲酮-3（BP-3）、4-甲基二苯甲酮（4-MBP）和 4-羟基二苯甲酮（4-HBP）均能在羊水和脐血样本中检测到，除 4-HBP 外，在胎儿血液中也能检测到；尽管频率较低。BP-1 和 BP-3 在胎儿和脐血中的浓度比母血清低约 10 倍，比母尿中的浓度低 1000 倍。因此，只有在母体暴露水平较高的情况下，BP-1 和 BP-3 才能在胎儿循环中被检测到，这表明胎盘屏障有一定的保护作用。4-MBP 似乎更自由地进入胎儿和脐血，脐血与母血清水平的中位数比值为 1:3。只有在妇女暴露最多的 BP-3 情况下，母尿和血清中的测量浓度与羊水中的测量浓度相关。因此，对于 BP-3，但不是对于其他测试的二苯甲酮，母体尿液水平似乎是胎儿暴露的有效替代物。
在人类羊水以及胎儿和脐血中检测到几种研究中的二苯甲酮，这呼吁进一步研究这些化合物的毒代动力学和潜在的内分泌干扰特性，以便更好地评估对发育中胎儿的风险。
