College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2013 Sep 1;461-462:49-55. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.074. Epub 2013 May 25.
Limited information exists on the exposure of benzophenone (BP)-type UV filters (i.e., sunscreen compounds) in children, adults, and pregnant women in China. In this study, we determined the concentrations of five BP derivatives, BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-8, and 4OH-BP in urine (n=101) as well as paired specimens of blood and urine (n=24 pairs) collected from adults; in matched maternal and fetal cord blood (n=20 pairs) collected from pregnant women; and in blood collected from children (n=10). 4OH-BP, BP-1, and BP-3 were found in 61%, 57%, and 25%, respectively, of the urine samples analyzed. 4OH-BP was found in all blood samples; BP-3 was found more frequently in the blood of adults (83%), followed, in decreasing order, by pregnant women (35%) and children (30%). Among all adults, urinary BP-3 concentrations were significantly (p<0.001) positively correlated with urinary BP-1 concentrations. Nevertheless, no significant correlations were found between urinary concentrations of BP-3 (or BP-1) and 4OH-BP. Our results suggest that human exposure to BP-3 and BP-1 is related, whereas 4OH-BP originates from a discrete source. Females had higher urinary concentrations of BP-3, BP-1 and 4OH-BP than males. The distribution profiles of BP-1 and its parent compound (i.e., BP-3) in urine decreased with increasing age of donors (p<0.05). The ratio of concentrations of BP-3 between blood and urine was 0.21 in adults, which was significantly lower than that for 4OH-BP (0.36). The concentration ratio of BPs between cord blood and maternal blood was higher for 4OH-BP (0.61) than that for BP-3 (0.48), which suggested greater trans-placental transfer potential of 4OH-BP. This is the first study to document the occurrence of BPs in paired urine and blood, and in matched maternal and fetal cord blood.
在中国，有关苯并（α）芘（BP）型紫外线滤光剂（即防晒霜化合物）在儿童、成人和孕妇中的暴露情况的信息有限。在这项研究中，我们测定了尿液中 5 种 BP 衍生物（BP-1、BP-2、BP-3、BP-8 和 4-羟基 BP）的浓度（n=101），以及来自成人的尿液和血液配对样本（n=24 对）；来自孕妇的配对母血和脐血样本（n=20 对）；以及来自儿童的血液样本（n=10）。在分析的尿液样本中，分别有 61%、57%和 25%检测到 4-羟基 BP、BP-1 和 BP-3。所有血液样本均检测到 4-羟基 BP；BP-3 在成人血液中更频繁出现（83%），其次是孕妇（35%）和儿童（30%）。在所有成年人中，尿中 BP-3 浓度与尿中 BP-1 浓度呈显著正相关（p<0.001）。然而，BP-3（或 BP-1）与 4-羟基 BP 之间未发现显著相关性。我们的研究结果表明，人类接触 BP-3 和 BP-1 是相关的，而 4-羟基 BP 则来自一个离散的来源。女性的尿中 BP-3、BP-1 和 4-羟基 BP 浓度高于男性。BP-1 和其母体化合物（即 BP-3）在尿液中的分布谱随供体年龄的增加而降低（p<0.05）。成人血与尿中 BP-3 的浓度比值为 0.21，明显低于 4-羟基 BP（0.36）。脐血与母血中 BP 的浓度比值，4-羟基 BP（0.61）高于 BP-3（0.48），表明 4-羟基 BP 具有更高的跨胎盘转移潜力。这是首次在配对尿液和血液以及配对母血和脐血中记录到 BP 的存在。
