Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Center of Applied Science, City and Islington College, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom.
J Strength Cond Res. 2019 Apr;33(4):1156-1166. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002283.
Brazier, J, Maloney, S, Bishop, C, Read, PJ, and Turner, AN. Lower extremity stiffness: considerations for testing, performance enhancement, and injury risk. J Strength Cond Res 33(4): 1156-1166, 2019-Force-deformation characteristics of the lower limb have been associated with athletic performance and may modulate the risk of injury. Despite these known associations, measurements of lower extremity stiffness are not commonly administered by strength and conditioning coaches. This review provides an overview of the available literature pertaining to the effects of lower extremity stiffness on physical performance and injury risk. Practical methods of monitoring and training stiffness are also discussed. The cumulative body of evidence indicates that increases in lower extremity stiffness are associated with heightened performance in athletic tasks such as hopping, jumping, throwing, endurance running, sprinting, and changing direction. Relationships with injury are less conclusive because both excessive and insufficient limb stiffness have been postulated to increase risk. Thus, the "optimal" level of stiffness seems to be dependent on the anthropometry and physical capabilities of the athlete, in addition to sport-specific activity demands. Training interventions can positively enhance lower extremity stiffness, including isometric, eccentric, and isotonic strength training and plyometrics. Complex training also seems to provide a potent stimulus and may be more effective than the use of singular training modes. For plyometric activities, it is recommended that coaches use a developmental sequence of exercises with increasing eccentric demand to provide an appropriate stimulus based on the training age and technical competency of the athlete.
布赖泽（Brazier）、马隆尼（Maloney）、毕晓普（Bishop）、里德（Read）和特纳（Turner）。下肢僵硬：测试、性能提升和受伤风险的考虑因素。《力量与条件研究杂志》33 卷（4）：1156-1166，2019 年-下肢的力-变形特征与运动表现有关，并且可能调节受伤的风险。尽管存在这些已知的关联，但力量和调节教练并不经常进行下肢僵硬的测量。本综述概述了有关下肢僵硬对身体表现和受伤风险的影响的现有文献。还讨论了监测和训练僵硬的实用方法。大量证据表明，下肢僵硬的增加与跳跃、跳跃、投掷、耐力跑、短跑和改变方向等运动任务的表现提高有关。与受伤的关系不太明确，因为有人推测过度和不足的肢体僵硬都会增加风险。因此，“最佳”僵硬水平似乎取决于运动员的人体测量学和身体能力，以及运动特定的活动需求。训练干预可以积极提高下肢僵硬度，包括等长、离心和等张力量训练和增强式训练。复杂的训练似乎也提供了一个有力的刺激，并且可能比使用单一的训练模式更有效。对于增强式训练活动，建议教练使用具有逐渐增加离心需求的发展性训练序列，根据运动员的训练年龄和技术能力提供适当的刺激。
