Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
Agroscope, Agroecology and Environment, Switzerland.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Mar;616-617:397-407. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.027. Epub 2017 Nov 8.
Plants and insects depend on climatic factors (temperature, solar radiation, precipitations, relative humidity and CO) for their development. Current knowledge suggests that climate change can alter plants and insects development and affect their interactions. Shifts in tritrophic relations are of particular concern for Integrated Pest Management (IPM), because responses at the highest trophic level (natural enemies) are highly sensitive to warmer temperature. It is expected that natural enemies could benefit from better conditions for their development in northern latitudes and IPM could be facilitated by a longer period of overlap. This may not be the case in southern latitudes, where climate could become too warm. Adapting IPM to future climatic conditions requires therefore understanding of changes that occur at the various levels and their linkages. The aim of this review is to assess the current state of knowledge and highlights the gaps in the existing literature concerning how climate change can affect tritrophic relations. Because of the economic importance of wine production, the interactions between grapevine, Vitis vinifera (1st), Lobesia botrana (2nd) and Trichogramma spp., (3rd), an egg parasitoid of Lobesia botrana, are considered as a case study for addressing specific issues. In addition, we discuss models that could be applied in order quantify alterations in the synchrony or asynchrony patterns but also the shifts in the timing and spatial distribution of hosts, pests and their natural enemies.
植物和昆虫的发育依赖于气候因素（温度、太阳辐射、降水、相对湿度和 CO2）。现有知识表明，气候变化会改变植物和昆虫的发育，并影响它们的相互作用。在三角关系中，食饵关系的转变对综合虫害管理（IPM）特别重要，因为在最高营养级（天敌）的响应对温度升高非常敏感。预计在高纬度地区，天敌的发育条件会更好，IPM 可以通过更长的重叠期得到促进。但在低纬度地区情况可能并非如此，因为气候可能会变得过于温暖。因此，要适应未来的气候条件，需要了解各个层次的变化及其联系。本综述的目的是评估当前的知识状况，并强调有关气候变化如何影响三角关系的现有文献中的差距。由于葡萄酒生产的经济重要性，葡萄藤、葡萄实蝇（第一级）、小菜蛾（第二级）和小菜蛾的卵寄生蜂（第三级）之间的相互作用被视为解决特定问题的案例研究。此外，我们还讨论了可以应用的模型，以便量化同步或异步模式的变化，以及寄主、害虫及其天敌的时间和空间分布的转变。
