Minimally Invasive Management for Vesicoureteral Reflux in Infants and Young Children.

Minimally invasive ureteral reimplantation is an attractive and useful tool in the armamentarium for the management of complicated vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Subureteric dextranomer/hyaluronic acid injection, laparoscopic extravesical ureteric reimplantation and pneumovesicoscopic intravesical ureteral reimplantation with or without robotic assistance are established minimally invasive approaches to management of VUR. The high cost and the limited availability of robotics have restricted accessibility to these approaches. Laparoscopic and/or robotic ureteral reimplantation continues to evolve and will have a significant bearing on the management of complicated VUR in infants and young children.