Image-guided surgery and therapy for lung cancer: a critical review.

Of the many imaging technologies, some have the potential to be used in image-guided surgery and therapy (IGS/IGT). This review of relevant papers on IGS/IGT for lung cancer indicates effective localization and IGS/IGT in early endobronchial lesions by fluorescence bronchoscopic technique. Visualization of early peripheral (nodular) tumors at operation can be achieved by a variety of imaging methods and devices which allow identification, localization and provision of intraoperative real-time images. Recent developments employing fluorescence contrasts and near infra-red light have shown encouraging feasibility and outcome in providing reliable methods for the IGS of cancer generally and lung cancer more specifically with provision of real time intraoperative imaging. The concept of the hybrid operating theater is touched upon.