Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
Technical University of Denmark, Department of Management Engineering, Produktionstorvet, Building 424, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Mar 15;618:399-408. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.018. Epub 2017 Nov 11.
Utilities in larger cities have to make complex decisions planning future investments in urban water infrastructure. Changes are driven by physical water stress or political targets for environmental water flows e.g. through the implementation of the European water framework directive. To include these environmental, economic and social sustainability dimensions we introduce a novel multi-criteria assessment method for evaluation of water supply technologies. The method is presented and demonstrated for four alternatives for water supply based on groundwater, rain- & stormwater or seawater developed for augmenting Copenhagen's current groundwater based water supply. To identify the most sustainable technology, we applied rank order distribution weights to a multi-criteria decision analysis to combine the impact assessments of environment, economy and society. The three dimensions were assessed using 1) life-cycle assessment, 2) cost calculations taking operation and maintenance into account and 3) the multi-criteria decision analysis method Analytical hierarchy process. Specialists conducted the life-cycle assessment and cost calculations and the multi-criteria decision analyses were based on a stakeholder workshop gathering stakeholders relevant for the specific case. The workshop reached consensus on three sets of ranked criteria. Each set represented stakeholder perspectives with first priority given to one of the three sustainability dimensions or categories. The workshop reached consensus and when the highest weight was assigned to the environmental dimension of sustainability then the alternative of 'Rain- & stormwater harvesting' was the most sustainable water supply technology; when the highest weight was assigned to the economy or society dimensions then an alternative with 'Groundwater abstraction extended with compensating actions' was considered the most sustainable water supply technology. Across all three sets of ranked weights, the establishment of new well fields is considered the least sustainable alternative.
在大城市，公用事业公司必须在规划城市水务基础设施的未来投资方面做出复杂的决策。这些变化是由物理水资源压力或环境水流的政治目标驱动的，例如通过实施《欧洲水框架指令》。为了包括这些环境、经济和社会可持续性维度，我们引入了一种新的多标准评估方法，用于评估供水技术。该方法用于评估基于地下水、雨水和/或海水的四种替代供水方案，这些方案是为了补充哥本哈根目前基于地下水的供水而开发的。为了确定最可持续的技术，我们将等级分配权重应用于多标准决策分析，以结合环境、经济和社会的影响评估。这三个维度分别使用 1) 生命周期评估、2) 考虑运营和维护成本的计算和 3) 多标准决策分析方法层次分析法进行评估。专家进行了生命周期评估和成本计算，多标准决策分析基于一个利益相关者研讨会，汇集了与特定案例相关的利益相关者。研讨会就三组排名标准达成了共识。每一组都代表了利益相关者的观点，首先考虑三个可持续性维度或类别之一。研讨会达成共识，当最高权重分配给可持续性的环境维度时，那么“雨水和/或雨水收集”是最可持续的供水技术；当最高权重分配给经济或社会维度时，那么“地下水开采与补偿措施相结合”的替代方案被认为是最可持续的供水技术。在所有三组排名权重中，新建井场被认为是最不可持续的替代方案。
