Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Harrison Building, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Sep 15;527-528:220-31. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097. Epub 2015 May 14.
Despite providing water-related services as the primary purpose of urban water system (UWS), all relevant activities require capital investments and operational expenditures, consume resources (e.g. materials and chemicals), and may increase negative environmental impacts (e.g. contaminant discharge, emissions to water and air). Performance assessment of such a metabolic system may require developing a holistic approach which encompasses various system elements and criteria. This paper analyses the impact of integration of UWS components on the metabolism based performance assessment for future planning using a number of intervention strategies. It also explores the importance of sustainability based criteria in the assessment of long-term planning. Two assessment approaches analysed here are: (1) planning for only water supply system (WSS) as a part of the UWS and (2) planning for an integrated UWS including potable water, stormwater, wastewater and water recycling. WaterMet(2) model is used to simulate metabolic type processes in the UWS and calculate quantitative performance indicators. The analysis is demonstrated on the problem of strategic level planning of a real-world UWS to where optional intervention strategies are applied. The resulting performance is assessed using the multiple criteria of both conventional and sustainability type; and optional intervention strategies are then ranked using the Compromise Programming method. The results obtained show that the high ranked intervention strategies in the integrated UWS are those supporting both water supply and stormwater/wastewater subsystems (e.g. rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling schemes) whilst these strategies are ranked low in the WSS and those targeting improvement of water supply components only (e.g. rehabilitation of clean water pipes and addition of new water resources) are preferred instead. Results also demonstrate that both conventional and sustainability type performance indicators are necessary for strategic planning in the UWS.
尽管城市水系统 (UWS) 的主要目的是提供与水有关的服务，但所有相关活动都需要资本投资和运营支出，消耗资源（如材料和化学品），并可能增加负面的环境影响（如污染物排放、水和空气的排放）。这种代谢系统的性能评估可能需要开发一种包含各种系统要素和标准的整体方法。本文分析了在未来规划中，通过采用多种干预策略，整合 UWS 组件对基于代谢的绩效评估的影响。本文还探讨了基于可持续性标准在长期规划评估中的重要性。本文分析了两种评估方法：（1）仅将供水系统 (WSS) 作为 UWS 的一部分进行规划；（2）规划包括饮用水、雨水、污水和水回收的综合 UWS。WaterMet(2) 模型用于模拟 UWS 中的代谢类型过程并计算定量性能指标。该分析针对实际 UWS 的战略规划问题进行了演示，其中应用了可选的干预策略。使用传统和可持续性类型的多个标准来评估由此产生的性能；然后使用妥协规划方法对可选的干预策略进行排名。结果表明，在综合 UWS 中排名较高的干预策略是支持供水和雨水/污水子系统的策略（例如雨水收集和灰水回收计划），而在 WSS 中排名较低的策略是那些仅针对供水组件改进的策略（例如清洁水管的修复和新水资源的增加）。结果还表明，在 UWS 战略规划中，传统和可持续性类型的性能指标都是必要的。
