Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer.

Most cases of acute pancreatitis are related to gallstones. More than 80% resolve within a few days. The diagnosis is based on upper abdominal pain, elevated lipase and/or amylase, and transabdominal ultrasound findings. Management requires early aggressive hydration, pain control, nutritional support, and monitoring for progression. Patients who develop hypovolemia, systemic inflammatory response, pancreatic necrosis, and organ failure have high mortality, risk of recurrence, and progression to chronic pancreatitis (CP). Genetic predisposition and repeated injury may be necessary for CP. Management requires control of pain and exocrine and endocrine symptoms, plus reduction of risk factors, especially alcohol intake.