Scandurra Anna, Alterisio Alessandra, Aria Massimo, Vernese Rosaria, D'Aniello Biagio
Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy.
Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
Anim Cogn. 2018 Jan;21(1):119-126. doi: 10.1007/s10071-017-1145-z. Epub 2017 Nov 13.
The present study assessed how dogs weigh gestural versus verbal information communicated to them by humans in transitive actions. The dogs were trained by their owners to fetch an object under three conditions: a bimodal congruent condition characterized by using gestures and voices simultaneously; a unimodal gestural condition characterized by using only gestures; and a unimodal verbal condition characterized by using only voices. An additional condition, defined as a bimodal incongruent condition, was later added, in which the gesture contrasted with the verbal command, that is, the owner indicated an object while pronouncing the name of the other object visible to dogs. In the incongruent condition, seven out of nine dogs choose to follow the gestural indication and performed above chance, two were at chance, whereas none of the dogs followed the verbal cues above chance. The dogs, as a group, performed above chance the gestural command in 73.6% of cases. The analysis of latencies in the above-mentioned four conditions exhibited significant differences. The unimodal verbal and the gestural conditions recorded a slower performance than both the bimodal incongruent and congruent conditions. No statistical differences were observed between the unimodal and bimodal conditions. Our results demonstrate that dogs, trained to respond equally well to gestural and verbal commands, choose to follow the indication provided by the gestural command than the verbal one to a significant extent in transitive actions. Furthermore, the responses to bimodal conditions were found to be quicker than the unimodal ones.
本研究评估了狗在传递性动作中如何权衡人类传达给它们的手势信息与言语信息。狗在三种条件下由其主人训练去取一个物体:一种是通过同时使用手势和声音来表征的双模态一致条件;一种是仅使用手势来表征的单模态手势条件;还有一种是仅使用声音来表征的单模态言语条件。后来又增加了一种额外条件,定义为双模态不一致条件,其中手势与言语指令形成对比,也就是说,主人在说出狗能看到的另一个物体的名字时指向一个物体。在不一致条件下,九只狗中有七只选择遵循手势指示,表现高于随机水平,两只处于随机水平,而没有一只狗在高于随机水平的情况下遵循言语线索。作为一个群体,狗在73.6%的情况下对手势指令的表现高于随机水平。对上述四种条件下的反应潜伏期进行分析,结果显示出显著差异。单模态言语和手势条件下的表现比双模态不一致和一致条件下的表现要慢。单模态和双模态条件之间未观察到统计学差异。我们的结果表明,经过训练对手势和言语指令反应同样良好的狗,在传递性动作中,在很大程度上选择遵循手势指令提供的指示而不是言语指令。此外,发现对双模态条件的反应比单模态条件的反应更快。
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