Department of Pediatrics and Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington-Seattle.
National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis, IN.
J Athl Train. 2017 Nov;52(11):1041-1047. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-52.11.17. Epub 2017 Nov 8.
Sports officials can play an important role in concussion safety by calling injury timeouts so that athletic trainers can evaluate athletes with possible concussions. Understanding the determinants of whether officials call an injury timeout when they suspect a concussion has important implications for the design of interventions to better support officials in this role.
To assess the knowledge of US collegiate football officials about concussion symptoms and to determine the associations between knowledge, perceived injunctive norms, and self-efficacy in calling injury timeouts for suspected concussions.
Cross-sectional study.
Electronic survey.
Of the 3074 US collegiate football officials contacted, 1324 (43% response rate) participated.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Concussion knowledge, injunctive norms (belief about what others would want them to do), and behavioral self-efficacy (confidence in their ability to call injury timeouts for suspected concussions in athletes during challenging game-day conditions).
Officials reported calling approximately 1 injury timeout for a suspected concussion every 4 games during the 2015 season. Structural equation modeling indicated that officials with more concussion-symptom knowledge had greater self-efficacy. Independent of an official's symptom knowledge, injunctive norms that were more supportive of calling an injury timeout were associated with greater self-efficacy.
Concussion education for officials is important because when officials are aware of concussion symptoms, they are more confident in calling injury timeouts. Beyond increasing symptom knowledge, fostering sports environments that encourage concussion safety can support officials in calling injury timeouts. Athletic trainers can help by educating stakeholders, including officials, about the importance of concussion safety. When officials believe that other stakeholders support concussion safety, they are more likely to call injury timeouts if they suspect a concussion has occurred.
体育官员可以通过叫受伤暂停来发挥重要作用，以便运动训练员对疑似脑震荡的运动员进行评估。了解官员在怀疑有脑震荡时是否叫受伤暂停的决定因素，对于设计干预措施以更好地支持官员在这一角色中具有重要意义。
评估美国大学橄榄球官员对脑震荡症状的认识，并确定知识、感知规范和对疑似脑震荡呼叫受伤暂停的自我效能之间的关联。
横断面研究。
电子调查。
在联系的 3074 名美国大学橄榄球官员中，有 1324 名（43%的回应率）参与了调查。
脑震荡知识、规范（对他人期望他们做什么的信念）和行为自我效能（在有挑战性的比赛日条件下对自己有能力对疑似脑震荡运动员呼叫受伤暂停的信心）。
官员们报告说，在 2015 赛季，每 4 场比赛就会呼叫大约 1 次受伤暂停来治疗疑似脑震荡。结构方程模型表明，脑震荡症状知识较多的官员自我效能更高。独立于官员的症状知识，更支持呼叫受伤暂停的规范与更高的自我效能相关。
对官员进行脑震荡教育很重要，因为当官员了解脑震荡症状时，他们更有信心呼叫受伤暂停。除了增加症状知识外，培养鼓励脑震荡安全的体育环境也可以支持官员呼叫受伤暂停。运动训练员可以通过教育利益相关者，包括官员，来帮助提高对脑震荡安全的认识。当官员认为其他利益相关者支持脑震荡安全时，如果他们怀疑发生了脑震荡，他们更有可能呼叫受伤暂停。
