Investigation of the Physical and Bioactive Properties of Bromo- and Iodo-Containing Sponge-Derived Compounds Possessing an Oxyphenylethanamine Core.

This research set out to identify compounds from marine sponges that can act as bacterial virulence blockers. Extracts from a total of 80 sponges collected from throughout Indonesia were screened in a high-throughput NF-κB-based screen that identifies compounds capable of inhibiting the bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. An extract that was shown to inhibit T3SS-driven NF-κB expression was obtained from an Iotrochota cf. iota sponge and was the source of seven new bromo- and iodo-containing compounds, all of which contain a 2-(4-oxyphenyl)ethan-1-amine core. Five were determined to be new compounds and named enisorines A-E (1-5). The remaining two were determined to be new hemibastadinol analogues named (+)-1-O-methylhemibastadinol 2 (6) and (+)-1-O-methylhemibastadinol 4 (7). All seven compounds inhibited T3SS-dependent YopE secretion and did not affect the growth or metabolic activity of Y. pseudotuberculosis. The most potent inhibitors of T3SS activity were enisorine C (3), enisorine E (5), and (+)-1-O-methylhemibastadinol 2 (6), all of which inhibited YopE secretion by >50% at 30 μM.