Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil; The Environment and Public Health Research Group (EPHReG), School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK.
The Environment and Public Health Research Group (EPHReG), School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK.
Water Res. 2018 Feb 1;129:172-179. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.022. Epub 2017 Nov 9.
Many wastewater treatment technologies have been shown to remove bacterial pathogens more effectively than viral pathogens and, in aquatic environments, levels of traditional faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) do not appear to correlate consistently with levels of human viral pathogens. There is, therefore, a need for novel viral indicators of faecal pollution and surrogates of viral pathogens, especially given the increasing importance of indirect and direct wastewater reuse. Potential candidates include bacteriophages (phages) and the study described here sought to elucidate the relationship between three groups of phages (somatic coliphages (SOMPH), F-RNA coliphages (F-RNAPH) and human-specific phages infecting B. fragilis (Bf124PH) - enumeration using double layer agar technique) and viral pathogens (human adenovirus (HuAdV) and norovirus (NoV) - enumeration using molecular methods) through full-scale municipal wastewater treatment processes. FIB (faecal coliforms (FC) and intestinal enterococci (ENT) - enumeration using membrane filtration) were also monitored. Samples were collected every fortnight, during a twelve-month period, at each stage of four full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in southern England (two activated sludge (AS) and two trickling filter (TF) plants) (n = 360 samples). FIB and SOMPH were consistently found in all samples tested, whereas F-RNAPH, Bf124PH and HuAdV were less frequently detected, especially following AS treatment. The detection rate of NoV was low and consequently discussion of this group of viruses is limited. Concentrations of SOMPH and FIB were statistically higher (p value < 0.05) than concentrations of F-RNAPH, Bf124PH and HuAdV in raw wastewater. FIB were more effectively removed than phages in both systems. Removal rates of HuAdV were similar to those of phages at the secondary treatment stage of both systems. In TF systems, HuAdV were removed at the same rate as F-RNAPH, but at lower rates than SOMPH and Bf124PH. The findings suggest that phages (in particular SOMPH) are better indicators of the fate of viral pathogens in WWTP than existing FIB and that these organisms may have a useful role to play in future sanitation safety planning.
许多废水处理技术已被证明比病毒病原体更有效地去除细菌病原体，并且在水生环境中，传统粪便指示菌（FIB）的水平似乎与人类病毒病原体的水平不一致。因此，需要新型粪便污染的病毒指标和病毒病原体的替代物，特别是考虑到间接和直接废水再利用的重要性不断增加。潜在的候选物包括噬菌体（phages），并且这里描述的研究旨在阐明三组噬菌体（体细胞噬菌体（SOMPH）、F-RNA 噬菌体（F-RNAPH）和感染 B. fragilis 的人特异性噬菌体（Bf124PH）-双层琼脂技术计数）与病毒病原体（人类腺病毒（HuAdV）和诺如病毒（NoV）-分子方法计数）之间的关系，通过全规模城市废水处理过程。还监测了 FIB（粪便大肠菌群（FC）和肠球菌（ENT）-膜过滤计数）。在英格兰南部的四个全规模废水处理厂（WWTP）的每个阶段（两个活性污泥（AS）和两个滴滤池（TF）厂），每隔两周收集一次样品，持续 12 个月（n=360 个样品）。在所有测试的样品中均发现了 FIB 和 SOMPH，而 F-RNAPH、Bf124PH 和 HuAdV 的检测频率较低，尤其是在 AS 处理后。NoV 的检出率较低，因此对该组病毒的讨论有限。SOMPH 和 FIB 的浓度（p 值<0.05）明显高于原水的 F-RNAPH、Bf124PH 和 HuAdV 浓度。在两种系统中，FIB 的去除效率均高于噬菌体。在两种系统的二级处理阶段，HuAdV 的去除率与噬菌体相似。在 TF 系统中，HuAdV 的去除率与 F-RNAPH 相同，但低于 SOMPH 和 Bf124PH。研究结果表明，噬菌体（特别是 SOMPH）是 WWTP 中病毒病原体命运的更好指标，而现有的 FIB 则不是，并且这些生物可能在未来的卫生安全规划中发挥有用的作用。
