McMinn B R, Ashbolt N J, Korajkic A
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Lett Appl Microbiol. 2017 Jul;65(1):11-26. doi: 10.1111/lam.12736. Epub 2017 Jun 5.
Bacteriophages are an attractive alternative to faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), particularly as surrogates of enteric virus fate and transport, due to their closer morphological and biological properties. Based on a review of published data, we summarize densities of coliphages (F+ and somatic), Bacteroides spp. and enterococci bacteriophages (phages) in individual human waste, raw wastewater, ambient fresh and marine waters and removal through wastewater treatment processes utilizing traditional treatments. We also provide comparisons with FIB and enteric viruses whenever possible. Lastly, we examine fate and transport characteristics in the aquatic environment and provide an overview of the environmental factors affecting their survival. In summary, concentrations of bacteriophages in various sources were consistently lower than FIB, but more reflective of infectious enteric virus levels. Overall, our investigation indicates that bacteriophages may be adequate viral surrogates, especially in built systems, such as wastewater treatment plants.
Bacteriophage are alternative fecal indicators that may be better surrogates for viral pathogens than fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). This report offers a summary of the existing literature concerning the utility of bacteriophage as indicators of viral presence (fecal sources and surface waters) and persistence (in built infrastructure and aquatic environments). Our findings indicate that bacteriophage levels in all matrices examined are consistently lower than FIB, but similar to viral pathogens. Furthermore, in built infrastructure (e.g. wastewater treatment systems) bacteriophage closely mimic viral pathogen persistence suggesting they may be adequate sentinels of enteric virus removal.
噬菌体是粪便指示菌（FIB）的一种有吸引力的替代物，特别是作为肠道病毒归宿和传播的替代物，因为它们具有更相似的形态和生物学特性。基于对已发表数据的综述，我们总结了个体人类粪便、原废水、环境淡水和海水中大肠杆菌噬菌体（F+和体细胞）、拟杆菌属噬菌体和肠球菌噬菌体的密度，以及利用传统处理方法的废水处理过程中的去除情况。只要有可能，我们还将其与粪便指示菌和肠道病毒进行了比较。最后，我们研究了它们在水生环境中的归宿和传播特征，并概述了影响其存活的环境因素。总之，各种来源中噬菌体的浓度始终低于粪便指示菌，但更能反映传染性肠道病毒的水平。总体而言，我们的调查表明，噬菌体可能是合适的病毒替代物，尤其是在诸如污水处理厂等人工系统中。
噬菌体是替代粪便指示物，对于病毒病原体而言，它们可能比粪便指示菌（FIB）是更好的替代物。本报告总结了关于噬菌体作为病毒存在（粪便来源和地表水）和持久性（在人工基础设施和水生环境中）指标的现有文献。我们的研究结果表明，在所检测的所有基质中，噬菌体水平始终低于粪便指示菌，但与病毒病原体相似。此外，在人工基础设施（如污水处理系统）中，噬菌体与病毒病原体的持久性密切相似，这表明它们可能是肠道病毒去除的合适哨兵。
