Kaiserman-Abramof I R, Padykula H A
Department of Developmental Genetics and Anatomy, Case Western Reserve Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
Am J Anat. 1989 Jan;184(1):13-30. doi: 10.1002/aja.1001840103.
The uterine endometrium of menstruating primates (rhesus monkey, human) consists of a germinal basalis that regenerates a transient functionalis during each menstrual cycle. The endometrium is further subdivided into 4 zones that differ histologically and in epithelial mitotic rate along the longitudinal axes of the uterine glands and microvasculature (Bartelmez et al: Contrib. Embryol. Carnegie Inst., 34:99-146, 1951; Bartelmez: Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 74:931-955, 1957; Padykula et al.: Biol. Reprod., 32:1103-1118, 1118, 1984; Biol. Reprod., in press, 1988). The zones are defined as follows: functionalis I, luminal epithelium; functionalis II (upper straight gland segments); basalis III (middle gland segments), and basalis IV (bottoms of the glands). The surrounding stroma and microvasculature also differ zonally. Ultrastructural epithelial differences are evident among the 4 zones during 3 distinct functional states during natural menstrual cycles and after ovariectomy: 1) basal level after ovariectomy and 2) estrogen dominance and 3) progesterone dominance. Zonal structural differences persist at a minimal level of differentiation after ovariectomy and thus zonation is an inherent property. During estrogen dominance, distinctive ultrastructural differences are evident among the 4 zones, such as epithelial cell heterogeneity in functionalis I and homogeneity in functionalis II. Also a distinctive glandular cell type occurs in basalis III and IV that is recognized by a highly irregular cisternal rough endoplasmic reticulum that permeates the cytoplasm. During progesterone dominance, ultrastructural differences exist among the 4 zones except for similarity between the epithelial cells of functionalis II and basalis III. Postovulatory epithelial cells of functionalis I and II and basalis III become postmitotic via progesterone inhibition but intracellular differentiation continues progressively. Postovulatory epithelial mitotic activity in basalis IV escapes progesterone inhibition as the [3H]thymidine labeling index continues to increase from 1 to 12% during the menstrual cycle (Padykula et al.: Reprod., 30(Suppl.1):92 (Abstr. 123), 1984). This post-ovulatory proliferation coupled with progressive differentiation in basalis IV may represent a stem-progenitor set of cells for postmenstrual endometrial regeneration or alternatively for creation of the maternal placenta.
处于月经期的灵长类动物（恒河猴、人类）的子宫内膜由生发基底层组成，该基底层在每个月经周期中再生出一个短暂的功能层。子宫内膜进一步细分为4个区域，这些区域在组织学上以及沿子宫腺体和微脉管系统的纵轴方向上，上皮细胞的有丝分裂率均有所不同（巴特尔梅兹等人：《胚胎学贡献》，卡内基研究所，34:99 - 146，1951年；巴特尔梅兹：《美国妇产科杂志》，74:931 - 955，1957年；帕迪库拉等人：《生殖生物学》，32:1103 - 1118，1118，1984年；《生殖生物学》，即将发表，1988年）。这些区域定义如下：功能层I，即腔上皮；功能层II（腺体上直段）；基底层III（腺体中段）和基底层IV（腺体底部）。周围的基质和微脉管系统在区域上也存在差异。在自然月经周期以及卵巢切除术后的3种不同功能状态下，4个区域之间的超微结构上皮差异明显：1）卵巢切除术后的基础水平；2）雌激素占主导；3）孕激素占主导。卵巢切除术后，区域结构差异在最低分化水平上持续存在，因此区域化是一种固有特性。在雌激素占主导期间，4个区域之间存在明显的超微结构差异，例如功能层I上皮细胞的异质性和功能层II上皮细胞的同质性。此外，在基底层III和IV中出现了一种独特的腺细胞类型，其特征是高度不规则的潴泡状粗面内质网贯穿细胞质。在孕激素占主导期间，4个区域之间存在超微结构差异，但功能层II和基底层III的上皮细胞之间相似。功能层I、II以及基底层III的排卵后上皮细胞通过孕激素抑制作用进入有丝分裂后期，但细胞内分化仍在持续进行。基底层IV的排卵后上皮有丝分裂活性不受孕激素抑制，因为在月经周期中，[³H]胸腺嘧啶标记指数从1%持续增加到12%（帕迪库拉等人：《生殖》，30（增刊1）：92（摘要123），1984年）。这种排卵后增殖以及基底层IV中的渐进性分化可能代表了月经后子宫内膜再生的干细胞 - 祖细胞群，或者是母胎胎盘形成的细胞群。
