Viscoelastic properties of red cell membrane in hereditary elliptocytosis.

The viscoelastic properties of the RBC membrane are in part determined by a submembrane network of proteins consisting of spectrin alpha beta heterodimers (SpD) assembled head-to-head to form spectrin tetramers (SpT) and spectrin oligomers (SpO). SpT, in turn, are connected into a two-dimensional network by the linkage of distal ends of SpT to protein 4.1 and actin. With the micropipette technique, we determined the membrane viscoelastic properties of RBCs from a subset of patients with hereditary elliptocytosis (HE); these RBCs exhibit membrane skeletal instability, defective SpD self-association, and a molecular defect in the alpha I domain of spectrin, which is involved in the SpD-SpD contact (HE SpD alpha-SpD). The elastic modulus and viscosity of the membrane were significantly higher for the HE RBCs than for the control cells. Incubation of normal cells with N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) produced a similar defective SpD self-association and a significant increase in the viscoelastic parameters of the membrane. The data provide evidence that the mode of assembly of membrane spectrin in the cytoskeletal protein network plays a major role in determining the rheologic behavior of erythrocyte membrane.