Institut Jean Nicod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure & PSL Research University, Paris, France.
Institut Jean Nicod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure & PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Economie Mathématique et de Microéconomie Appliquée (LEMMA), Université Paris 2 Panthéon Assas, Paris, France.
Cognition. 2018 Mar;172:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.11.007. Epub 2017 Nov 29.
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of reputational priors and direct reciprocity on the dynamics of trust building in adults with (N = 17) and without (N = 25) autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using a multi-round Trust Game (MTG). On each round, participants, who played as investors, were required to maximize their benefits by updating their prior expectations (the partner's positive or negative reputation), based on the partner's directed reciprocity, and adjusting their own investment decisions accordingly. Results showed that reputational priors strongly oriented the initial decision to trust, operationalized as the amount of investment the investor shares with the counterpart. However, while typically developed participants were mainly affected by the direct reciprocity, and rapidly adopted the optimal Tit-for-Tat strategy, participants with ASD continued to rely on reputational priors throughout the game, even when experience of the counterpart's actual behavior contradicted their prior-based expectations. In participants with ASD, the effect of the reputational prior never disappeared, and affected judgments of trustworthiness and reciprocity of the partner even after completion of the game. Moreover, the weight of prior reputation positively correlated with the severity of the ASD participant's social impairments while the reciprocity score negatively correlated with the severity of repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, as measured by the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). In line with Bayesian theoretical accounts, the present findings indicate that individuals with ASD have difficulties encoding incoming social information and using it to revise and flexibly update prior social expectations, and that this deficit might severely hinder social learning and everyday life interactions.
本研究旨在使用多回合信任博弈（MTG）调查声誉先验和直接互惠对具有（N=17）和不具有（N=25）自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）的成年人建立信任的动态影响。在每一轮中，作为投资者的参与者需要根据合作伙伴的定向互惠性，通过更新其先前的期望（合作伙伴的积极或消极声誉）来最大化他们的收益，并相应地调整他们的投资决策。结果表明，声誉先验强烈影响了初始信任决策，表现为投资者与对应方分享的投资金额。然而，尽管典型发展的参与者主要受到直接互惠的影响，并迅速采用了最佳的以牙还牙策略，但 ASD 参与者在整个游戏中仍然依赖于声誉先验，即使对应方的实际行为与他们基于先验的期望相矛盾。在 ASD 参与者中，声誉先验的影响从未消失，并且即使在游戏结束后，也会影响对合作伙伴可信度和互惠性的判断。此外，声誉先验的权重与 ASD 参与者社会障碍的严重程度呈正相关，而互惠得分与重复性和刻板行为的严重程度呈负相关，这是通过自闭症诊断访谈修订版（ADI-R）测量的。与贝叶斯理论解释一致，本研究结果表明，ASD 个体在编码传入的社会信息并使用这些信息来修正和灵活更新先前的社会期望方面存在困难，而这种缺陷可能严重阻碍社交学习和日常生活互动。
