Heppner H J, Leischker A, Wutzler P, Kwetkat A
Lehrstuhl für Geriatrie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Deutschland.
Geriatrische Klinik und Tagesklinik, Helios Klinikum Schwelm, Dr.-Moeller-Str. 15, 58332, Schwelm, Deutschland.
Internist (Berl). 2018 Feb;59(2):205-212. doi: 10.1007/s00108-017-0358-1.
Infectious diseases are responsible for up to 5% of fatalities even in developed countries. In addition, there is an increasing susceptibility for infections in elderly people due to physiological aging of the immune system. The principles of vaccination are based on a targeted activation of the human immune system. Principally, a distinction is made between passive immunization, i.e. the application of specific antibodies against a pathogen and active immunization. In active immunization, i.e. vaccination, weakened (attenuated) or dead pathogens or components of pathogens (antigens) are administered. After a latency period that depends on the vaccine, complete immune protection is achieved and immunity is maintained for a certain period of time. In contrast to dead vaccines, by the use of live vaccines there is always a risk for infection with the administered vaccine. In passive immunization antibodies are administered. As a rule passive immunization is carried out in persons who have had contact with an infected person and in whom no or uncertain immunity against the corresponding disease is present. Based on the recommendations of the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO), influenza, pneumococcal, herpes zoster, early summer meningoencephalitis (FSME) and travel vaccines are described.
即使在发达国家，传染病造成的死亡人数也高达5%。此外，由于免疫系统的生理老化，老年人感染的易感性也在增加。疫苗接种的原理基于对人体免疫系统的靶向激活。原则上，可分为被动免疫，即应用针对病原体的特异性抗体，以及主动免疫。在主动免疫中，即接种疫苗时，会接种弱化（减毒）或灭活的病原体或病原体成分（抗原）。经过一段取决于疫苗的潜伏期后，可实现完全的免疫保护，并在一定时间内维持免疫力。与灭活疫苗不同，使用活疫苗始终存在接种疫苗感染的风险。在被动免疫中，会注射抗体。通常，被动免疫是针对那些接触过感染者且对相应疾病没有或免疫力不确定的人进行的。根据疫苗接种常设委员会（STIKO）的建议，对流感、肺炎球菌、带状疱疹、早发性夏季脑膜炎（FSME）和旅行疫苗进行了描述。
