Loveland Kate L, Klein Britta, Pueschl Dana, Indumathy Sivanjah, Bergmann Martin, Loveland Bruce E, Hedger Mark P, Schuppe Hans-Christian
Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Nov 20;8:307. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00307. eCollection 2017.
Germline development is dependent on the environment formed by somatic cells and the differentiation cues they provide; hence, the impact of local factors is highly relevant to the production of sperm. Knowledge of how somatic and germline cells interact is central to achieving biomedical goals relating to restoring, preserving or restricting fertility in humans. This review discusses the growing understanding of how cytokines contribute to testicular function and maintenance of male reproductive health, and to the pathologies associated with their abnormal activity in this organ. Here we consider both cytokines that signal through JAKs and are regulated by SOCS, and those utilizing other pathways, such as the MAP kinases and SMADs. The importance of cytokines in the establishment and maintenance of the testis as an immune-privilege site are described. Current research relating to the involvement of immune cells in testis development and disease is highlighted. This includes new data relating to testicular cancer which reinforce the understanding that tumorigenic cells shape their microenvironment through cytokine actions. Clinical implications in pathologies relating to local inflammation and to immunotherapies are discussed.
生殖细胞的发育依赖于体细胞形成的环境及其提供的分化信号；因此，局部因素对精子生成具有高度相关性。了解体细胞与生殖细胞如何相互作用是实现与恢复、保存或限制人类生育能力相关的生物医学目标的核心。本综述讨论了人们对细胞因子如何促进睾丸功能和维持男性生殖健康，以及与该器官中其异常活性相关的病理学的日益深入的理解。在这里，我们既考虑通过JAKs发出信号并受SOCS调节的细胞因子，也考虑利用其他途径（如MAP激酶和SMADs）的细胞因子。描述了细胞因子在睾丸作为免疫豁免部位的建立和维持中的重要性。强调了当前关于免疫细胞参与睾丸发育和疾病的研究。这包括与睾丸癌相关的新数据，这些数据强化了对致瘤细胞通过细胞因子作用塑造其微环境的理解。讨论了与局部炎症和免疫疗法相关的病理学中的临床意义。
