Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA.
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 5;463:4-22. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.007. Epub 2017 Dec 16.
The anterior pituitary gland is a key organ involved in the control of multiple physiological functions including growth, reproduction, metabolism and stress. These functions are controlled by five distinct hormone-producing pituitary cell types that produce growth hormone (somatotropes), prolactin (lactotropes), adrenocorticotropin (corticotropes), thyrotropin (thyrotropes) and follicle stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (gonadotropes). Classically, the synthesis and release of pituitary hormones was thought to be primarily regulated by central (neuroendocrine) signals. However, it is now becoming apparent that factors produced by pituitary hormone targets (endocrine and non-endocrine organs) can feedback directly to the pituitary to adjust pituitary hormone synthesis and release. Therefore, pituitary cells serve as sensors to integrate central and peripheral signals in order to fine-tune whole-body homeostasis, although it is clear that pituitary cell regulation is species-, age- and sex-dependent. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive, general overview of our current knowledge of both central and peripheral regulators of pituitary cell function and associated intracellular mechanisms, focusing on human and non-human primates.
垂体前叶是一个关键的器官，参与控制多种生理功能，包括生长、繁殖、代谢和应激。这些功能由五种不同的激素产生细胞类型控制，它们产生生长激素（生长激素细胞）、催乳素（催乳素细胞）、促肾上腺皮质激素（促皮质素细胞）、促甲状腺激素（促甲状腺素细胞）和促卵泡素/黄体生成素（促性腺激素细胞）。传统上，垂体激素的合成和释放主要被中枢（神经内分泌）信号所调节。然而，现在越来越明显的是，垂体激素靶器官（内分泌和非内分泌器官）产生的因子可以直接反馈到垂体，以调节垂体激素的合成和释放。因此，垂体细胞作为传感器，整合中枢和外周信号，以微调全身的平衡状态，尽管很明显，垂体细胞的调节是依赖于物种、年龄和性别。本综述的目的是提供一个全面的、一般的概述，介绍我们目前对垂体细胞功能的中枢和外周调节剂以及相关的细胞内机制的了解，重点是人类和非人类灵长类动物。
