Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species (LaCONES), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Annexe-I, Attapur Ring Road, Hyderabad 500 048 India.
Theriogenology. 2018 Mar 15;109:31-41. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.008. Epub 2017 Dec 8.
Reproductive success in females relies primarily upon better understanding of fundamental ovarian processes to facilitate captive reproductive management and ultimately the development of assisted reproductive technologies as an alternative tool for conservation breeding of endangered wildlife species. Wild ungulates (cervids and non-domestic bovids) are an extraordinarily diverse group of mammals with remarkable diversity in reproductive biology (anatomy, behaviour, physiology and seasonality). This indicates a clear need, and indeed a big challenge, for acquiring such basic reproductive knowledge in severely threatened ungulates before attempting even a simpler technology such as artificial insemination. Despite a few sporadic successes of artificial insemination technology in ungulates, there is much to learn, including optimizing estrus synchronization protocols and an animal-friendly fixed-time insemination procedure that would maximize breeding success with minimal stress to the animal. Recent advances in non-invasive methodologies for monitoring endocrine profiles and assessment of ovarian function in wildlife species enable us to understand and characterize basic reproductive events in a species. This review discusses non-invasive approaches being used for monitoring endocrine and ovarian activity in wild ungulates. Further, it reviews the effectiveness of different methodologies for control of estrus and ovulation in non-domestic bovids and cervids. Additionally, the challenges regarding their application in different ungulates as a standard routine practice like in livestock are addressed.
雌性的繁殖成功主要依赖于更好地理解基本的卵巢过程，以促进圈养繁殖管理，并最终开发辅助生殖技术作为濒危野生动物保护繁殖的替代工具。野生有蹄类动物（鹿科和非家养牛科动物）是一组非常多样化的哺乳动物，其生殖生物学（解剖学、行为、生理学和季节性）具有显著的多样性。这表明，在尝试更简单的技术（如人工授精）之前，迫切需要甚至是一个严峻的挑战，即在严重受威胁的有蹄类动物中获得这些基本的生殖知识。尽管人工授精技术在有蹄类动物中取得了一些零星的成功，但仍有许多知识需要学习，包括优化发情同步方案和动物友好型定时授精程序，以最大程度地提高繁殖成功率，并尽量减少对动物的压力。最近在监测内分泌谱和评估野生动物物种卵巢功能的非侵入性方法方面的进展使我们能够了解和描述物种的基本生殖事件。本文综述了用于监测野生有蹄类动物内分泌和卵巢活动的非侵入性方法。此外，还综述了不同方法在控制非家养牛科和鹿科动物发情和排卵方面的有效性。此外，还针对它们在不同有蹄类动物中的应用作为标准常规实践（如在牲畜中）面临的挑战进行了讨论。
