State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
Environ Geochem Health. 2018 Aug;40(4):1265-1281. doi: 10.1007/s10653-017-0054-z. Epub 2017 Dec 19.
Several million people are exposed to fluoride (F) via drinking water in the world. Current review emphasized the elevated level of fluoride concentrations in the groundwater and associated potential health risk globally with a special focus on Pakistan. Millions of people are deeply dependent on groundwater from different countries of the world encompassing with an elevated level of fluoride. The latest estimates suggest that around 200 million people, from among 25 nations the world over, are under the dreadful fate of fluorosis. India and China, the two most populous countries of the world, are the worst affected. In Pakistan, fluoride data of 29 major cities are reviewed and 34% of the cities show fluoride levels with a mean value greater than 1.5 mg/L where Lahore, Quetta and Tehsil Mailsi are having the maximum values of 23.60, 24.48, > 5.5 mg/L, respectively. In recent years, however, other countries have minimized, even eliminated its use due to health issues. High concentration of fluoride for extended time period causes adverse effects of health such as skin lesions, discoloration, cardiovascular disorders, dental fluorosis and crippling skeletal fluorosis. This review deliberates comprehensive strategy of drinking water quality in the global scenario of fluoride contamination, especially in Pakistan with prominence on major pollutants, mitigation technologies, sources of pollution and ensuing health problems. Considering these verities, health authorities urgently need to establish alternative means of water decontamination in order to prevent associated health problems.
世界上有数百万人通过饮用水接触氟 (F)。当前的综述强调了全球地下水氟浓度升高以及与之相关的潜在健康风险，特别关注巴基斯坦。全世界许多国家的数百万人都严重依赖氟含量较高的地下水。最新估计表明，全世界有 25 个国家的约 2 亿人面临氟中毒的可怕命运。世界上人口最多的两个国家，印度和中国，受影响最严重。在巴基斯坦，审查了 29 个主要城市的氟数据，其中 34%的城市的氟水平平均值大于 1.5mg/L，其中拉合尔、奎达和特西尔·梅尔斯的氟含量最高，分别为 23.60、24.48 和>5.5mg/L。然而，近年来，由于健康问题，其他国家已经减少甚至消除了氟化物的使用。长期高浓度的氟会对健康造成不良影响，如皮肤损伤、变色、心血管疾病、氟斑牙和致残性氟骨症。本综述审议了全球氟污染背景下饮用水质量的综合策略，特别是在巴基斯坦，重点关注主要污染物、缓解技术、污染来源和随之而来的健康问题。考虑到这些事实，卫生当局急需建立替代的水净化方法，以预防相关的健康问题。
