Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, 97105-900 RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
Laboratório de Entomologia, Caixa Postal 68044, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-971 RJ, Brazil.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2018 Mar;120:321-334. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.020. Epub 2017 Dec 20.
The spittlebug family Cercopidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadomorpha: Cercopoidea) is distributed worldwide, with highest species diversity in the tropics. Several included species are economically important pests of major agricultural crops and cultivated pasture grasses. Taxonomically, Cercopidae is divided into two subfamilies: the paraphyletic Old World Cercopinae and the monophyletic New World Ischnorhininae. Results are here presented from an investigation of phylogenetic relationships within Ischnorhininae based on DNA sequences from seven loci (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, Histone 2A, Histone 3, Wingless, Cytochrome Oxidase I, and Cytochrome Oxidase II) generated from exemplars of 119 spittlebug species. The resulting topology is used to test alternative higher-level classification hypotheses of Ischnorhininae and, with fossil-calibration, dates were estimated for major events in the evolutionary history of Cercopidae, including a much earlier divergence date (around 68-50 Mya) than previously reported in the literature. In addition, for the first time in Cercopidae, ancestral states of some predation avoidances strategies were reconstructed, with results suggesting an origin of aposematic coloration in the Cercopidae ancestor, with subsequent independent losses of aposematic coloration in multiple lineages.
沫蝉科（半翅目：沫蝉总科：沫蝉科）分布于世界各地，在热带地区具有最高的物种多样性。一些包括的物种是主要农作物和栽培牧草的重要经济害虫。在分类学上，沫蝉科分为两个亚科：不完全的旧世界沫蝉亚科和单系的新世界沫蝉亚科。本文基于来自 119 种沫蝉物种的 7 个基因座（18S rDNA、28S rDNA、组蛋白 2A、组蛋白 3、无翅基因、细胞色素氧化酶 I 和细胞色素氧化酶 II）的 DNA 序列，对沫蝉亚科内的系统发育关系进行了研究。研究结果的拓扑结构用于检验沫蝉亚科的替代高级分类假设，并结合化石校准，对沫蝉科进化历史中的主要事件进行了日期估计，包括比文献中先前报道的更早的分歧日期（约 68-50 Mya）。此外，这是沫蝉科中首次重建了一些逃避捕食的策略的祖先状态，结果表明警戒色在沫蝉科祖先中起源，随后在多个谱系中独立丧失了警戒色。
