University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 139B Marston Hall, College of Engineering, 130 Natural Resources Road, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 110 Elab I, 160 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
Accid Anal Prev. 2018 Jul;116:41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.11.037. Epub 2017 Dec 23.
Previous studies have demonstrated that young drivers fail both to scan for and mitigate latent hazards mostly due to their cluelessness. This study aims to investigate whether these skills could be improved by providing young drivers with alerts in advance of the upcoming threat using a driving simulator experiment. In particular, the warning was presented on the head-up displays (HUD) either 2 s, 3 s or 4 s in advance of a latent threat. The hazard anticipation, hazard mitigation and attention maintenance performance of forty-eight young drivers aged 18-25 was evaluated across eight unique scenarios either in the presence or in the absence of latent threat alerts displayed on a HUD. There were four groups overall: one control group (no alert) and three experimental groups (2 s alert, 3 s alert and 4 s alert). The analysis of the hazard anticipation data showed that all three experimental groups with HUD warnings (2 s, 3 s, 4 s) significantly increased the likelihood that drivers would glance towards latent pedestrian and vehicle hazards when compared to the control group. The hazard mitigation analysis showed that in situations involving a pedestrian threat, HUD alerts provided 3 or 4 s in advance of a potential threat led drivers to travel significantly slower than the control group or the 2 s group. No significant effect of a HUD alert on drivers' speed was found when the latent hazard was a vehicle. An analysis of eye behaviors showed that only 7 out of 597 glances at the HUD were longer than 2 s safety-threshold, indicating that the warnings do not seem to distract the driver.
先前的研究表明，年轻驾驶员既无法扫描也无法减轻潜在危险，主要是因为他们对此一无所知。本研究旨在通过在驾驶模拟器实验中提前向年轻驾驶员发出即将到来的威胁警报，来调查这些技能是否可以得到提高。特别是，在潜在威胁出现前 2 秒、3 秒或 4 秒，警告将显示在抬头显示器 (HUD) 上。在存在或不存在显示在 HUD 上的潜在威胁警报的情况下，评估了 48 名年龄在 18 至 25 岁之间的年轻驾驶员在八个独特场景中的危险预期、危险减轻和注意力保持表现。总体上有四个组：一个对照组（无警报）和三个实验组（2 秒警报、3 秒警报和 4 秒警报）。对危险预期数据的分析表明，与对照组相比，所有具有 HUD 警告（2 秒、3 秒、4 秒）的三个实验组都显著增加了驾驶员扫视潜在行人和车辆危险的可能性。危险缓解分析表明，在涉及行人威胁的情况下，HUD 警告提前 3 秒或 4 秒发出潜在威胁，导致驾驶员行驶速度明显慢于对照组或 2 秒组。当潜在危险是车辆时，HUD 警报对驾驶员速度没有显著影响。眼动行为分析表明，在 597 次注视 HUD 的行为中，只有 7 次超过 2 秒的安全阈值，这表明警告似乎不会分散驾驶员的注意力。
