Technische Universität Braunschweig, Department of Engineering and Traffic Psychology, Gaußstraße 23, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
Technische Universität Braunschweig, Department of Engineering and Traffic Psychology, Gaußstraße 23, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
Accid Anal Prev. 2018 Aug;117:410-426. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.01.040. Epub 2018 Apr 24.
Technological advances allow supporting drivers in a multitude of occasions, ranging from comfort enhancement to collision avoidance, for example through driver warnings, which are especially crucial for traffic safety. This psychological driving simulator experiment investigated how to warn drivers visually in order to prevent accidents in various safety-critical situations. Collision frequencies, driving behavior and subjective evaluations of situation criticality, warning understandability and helpfulness of sixty drivers were measured in two trials of eight scenarios each (within-subjects factors). The warning type in the head-up display (HUD) varied (between-subjects) in its strategy (attention-/reaction-oriented) and specificity (generic/specific) over four warning groups and a control group without a warning. The results show that the scenarios differed in their situation criticality and drivers adapted their reactions accordingly, which underlines the importance of testing driver assistance systems in diverse scenarios. Besides some learning effects over the trials, all warned drivers showed faster and stronger brake reactions. Some warning concepts were understood better than others, but all were accepted. Generic warnings were effective, yet the warning strategy should adapt to situation requirements and/or driver behavior. A stop symbol as reaction generic warning is recommendable for diverse kinds of use cases, leading to fast and strong reactions. However, for rather moderate driver reactions an attention generic approach with a caution symbol might be more suitable. Further research should investigate multi-stage warnings with adaptive strategies for application to various situations including other modalities and false alarms.
技术进步允许在多种情况下支持驾驶员，从增强舒适性到避免碰撞，例如通过驾驶员警告，这对交通安全尤为重要。本心理驾驶模拟器实验研究了如何通过视觉警告来防止各种安全关键情况下的事故。在两个 8 个场景的试验中（被试内因素），测量了 60 名驾驶员的碰撞频率、驾驶行为和对情况危急程度的主观评估、警告的可理解性和有用性。平视显示器 (HUD) 中的警告类型（被试间因素）在策略（关注/反应导向）和特异性（通用/特定）方面有所不同，分为四个警告组和一个没有警告的对照组。结果表明，这些场景在危急程度上存在差异，驾驶员会相应地调整反应，这突显了在不同场景下测试驾驶员辅助系统的重要性。除了试验中的一些学习效应外，所有被警告的驾驶员都表现出更快、更强的制动反应。有些警告概念比其他概念更容易理解，但都被接受了。通用警告是有效的，但警告策略应适应情况要求和/或驾驶员行为。对于各种用例，建议使用停止符号作为反应通用警告，以实现快速、强烈的反应。然而，对于反应较为温和的驾驶员，可以采用带有警告符号的注意通用方法。进一步的研究应该调查具有自适应策略的多阶段警告，以应用于各种情况，包括其他模态和误报。
