Department of Psychology, University Konstanz, Germany.
Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Charité, Berlin, Germany.
Curr Opin Psychol. 2018 Feb;19:135-138. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.016. Epub 2017 May 17.
The Good: when you fight to counter threat, your aggression is a reactive defense, and often morally justifiable. The Bad: when you loot and rob, hurt and kill, to obtain social status or material goods, that is an extrinsic reward. This is instrumental aggression. And The Ugly: The intrinsic enjoyment of violence. This 'appetitive aggression' describes a lust for violence, underlying first-person shooter gamers, hunting, and extreme acts of violence, such as murder and massacres. Although violence often results from a combination of these forms of aggression, the differentiation is necessary to understand their interplay, as they drive two interconnected cycles of violence: the reactive cycle, fueled by the motivation to overcome negative feelings, and the hedonically driven appetitive cycle.
当你为了对抗威胁而斗争时,你的攻击性是一种反应性防御,通常在道德上是合理的。坏的方面:当你为了获得社会地位或物质财富而掠夺、伤害和杀害他人时,这就是外在奖励。这是工具性攻击。丑陋的方面:对暴力的内在享受。这种“欲望攻击”描述了对暴力的渴望,它存在于第一人称射击游戏玩家、狩猎者和极端暴力行为(如谋杀和大屠杀)中。尽管暴力通常是这些攻击形式的综合结果,但区分它们是必要的,以便理解它们的相互作用,因为它们推动了两个相互关联的暴力循环:反应性循环,由克服负面情绪的动机驱动,以及享乐驱动的欲望循环。