University of Konstanz, Department of Psychology; and Department of Politics and Public Administation, Konstanz, Germany.
NGO vivo international, Konstanz, Germany.
Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2021 Nov 24;12(1):1992962. doi: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1992962. eCollection 2021.
The aim of this article is to present a research-based rationale for NETfacts, a newly developed integrated approach at the individual and the community level in order to mitigate the mental and social sequelae of war and crisis. To this end, we provide a selective review of relevant literature from neuroscience, clinical psychology, and social science. In psychotraumatology, individual avoidance describes the effort to prevent exposure to trauma reminders. Among patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this becomes pathological, exacerbating distress and preventing recovery. This silence resonates in traumatized communities and consequently taboo builds - ultimately to the advantage of the perpetrators. The resulting collective avoidance leads to a fragmented collective memory about trauma or human rights violations in the community so that a shared account of the group's history becomes impossible. The deficient collective memory promotes ambiguous truths and anxiety, enabling a reactive construction of safety based on selective information that leads to an endorsement of extreme opinions. Ongoing insecurity, violence and crime lead to increasing anxiety and fear. The self-interest of the perpetrators and the abnormal behaviour of survivors leads to an escalation in stigma and social exclusion resulting in the prevention or limitation of community exposure to traumatic material, i.e., to reduce tension and protect the construction of safety. The exposure to and recognition of traumatic facts subject to avoidance is key to a coherent collective memory and sense of communion, and to prevent further cycles of violence. The NETfacts health system combines individual and community-based intervention to treat the structure of memory at both the individual and collective levels. NET: narrative exposure therapy; FORNET: narrative exposure therapy for forensic offender rehabilitation; NETfacts: facts derived from narrative exposure therapy.
本文旨在介绍 NETfacts，这是一种新开发的个体和社区层面的综合方法，旨在减轻战争和危机带来的心理和社会后果。为此，我们对神经科学、临床心理学和社会科学的相关文献进行了选择性回顾。在心理创伤学中，个体回避描述了防止接触创伤提示的努力。在创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）患者中，这种回避变得病态，加剧了痛苦并阻碍了康复。这种沉默在创伤社区中产生共鸣，从而导致禁忌的形成——最终有利于肇事者。由此产生的集体回避导致社区中关于创伤或侵犯人权的集体记忆支离破碎，以至于不可能对群体的历史有共同的描述。不足的集体记忆促进了模糊的真相和焦虑，使基于选择性信息的被动安全构建成为可能，从而导致对极端观点的认可。持续的不安全、暴力和犯罪导致焦虑和恐惧不断增加。肇事者的自身利益和幸存者的异常行为导致耻辱感和社会排斥的升级，从而阻止或限制社区接触创伤性材料，即减少紧张局势并保护安全建设。对回避的创伤事实的暴露和认识是连贯的集体记忆和团结感的关键，可防止暴力进一步循环。NETfacts 健康系统结合了个体和社区为基础的干预措施，以治疗个体和集体层面的记忆结构。NET：叙事暴露疗法；FORNET：针对法证罪犯康复的叙事暴露疗法；NETfacts：叙事暴露疗法中得出的事实。
