Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada.
Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Jun 1;625:264-274. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.284. Epub 2017 Dec 28.
To assess the toxicity of winter-time atmospheric deposition in the oil sands mining area of Northern Alberta, embryo-larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to snowmelt samples. Snow was collected in 2011-2014 near (<7km) oil sands open pit mining operations in the Athabasca River watershed and at sites far from (>25km) oil sands mining. Snow was shipped frozen back to the laboratory, melted, and amended with essential ions prior to testing. Fertilized fathead minnow eggs were exposed (<24h post-fertilization to 7-16days post-hatch) to a range of 25%-100% snowmelt. Snow samples far from (25-277km away) surface mining operations and upgrading facilities did not affect larval fathead minnow survival at 100%. Snow samples from sites near surface mining and refining activities (<7km) showed reduced larval minnow survival. There was some variability in the potencies of snow year-to-year from 2011 to 2014, and there were increases in deformities in minnows exposed to snow from 1 site on the Steepbank River. Although exposure to snowmelt from sites near oil sands surface mining operations caused effects in larval fish, spring melt water from these same sites in late March-May of 2010, 2013 and 2014 showed no effects on larval survival when tested at 100%. Snow was analyzed for metals, total naphthenic acid concentrations, parent PAHs and alkylated PAHs. Naphthenic acid concentrations in snow were below those known to affect fish larvae. Concentrations of metals in ion-amended snow were below published water quality guideline concentrations. Compared to other sites, the snowmelt samples collected close to mining and upgrading activities had higher concentrations of PAHs and alkylated PAHs associated with airborne deposition of fugitive dusts from mining and coke piles, and in aerosols and particles from stack emissions.
Snow collected close to oil sands surface mining sites is toxic to larval fathead minnows in the lab; however spring melt water samples from the same sites do not reduce larval fish survival.
为了评估阿尔伯塔省北部油砂矿区冬季大气沉降的毒性，研究人员将孵化后的胖头鱼幼鱼（Pimephales promelas）暴露于融雪样本中。2011 年至 2014 年，在阿萨巴斯卡河流域的油砂露天矿开采作业附近（<7 公里）和远离油砂开采作业的地方（>25 公里）收集了积雪。这些雪被冷冻后运回到实验室，融化后加入必需的离子，然后进行测试。受精的胖头鱼卵在 25%-100%的融雪范围内暴露（受精后 24 小时至孵化后 7-16 天）。远离（25-277 公里外）露天采矿作业和升级设施的雪样对幼鱼的存活率没有影响，达到 100%。来自露天采矿和精炼活动附近（<7 公里）的雪样显示幼鱼存活率降低。2011 年至 2014 年，每年雪的毒性都有一定的变化，而在 Steepbank 河的一个地点，暴露于雪样中的小鱼畸形率增加。尽管暴露于靠近油砂露天采矿作业地点的融雪会对幼鱼造成影响，但在 2010 年 3 月下旬至 5 月、2013 年和 2014 年的同一地点，当以 100%的浓度测试时，来自这些地点的春融水对幼鱼的存活率没有影响。对雪进行了金属、总环烷酸浓度、母体多环芳烃和烷基化多环芳烃分析。雪中环烷酸的浓度低于已知会影响鱼类幼体的浓度。离子添加雪中的金属浓度低于已发布的水质指南浓度。与其他地点相比，靠近采矿和升级活动的融雪样本中多环芳烃和烷基化多环芳烃浓度较高，这与采矿和焦炉中逸散粉尘的空气传播沉积以及来自烟囱排放的气溶胶和颗粒有关。
取自油砂露天矿场附近的雪对实验室中的胖头鱼幼鱼有毒，但来自同一地点的春融水样本不会降低幼鱼的存活率。
