King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
National Family Safety Program, King Abdulaziz Medical City - Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
J Interpers Violence. 2020 Mar;35(5-6):1334-1350. doi: 10.1177/0886260517696865. Epub 2017 Mar 10.
Childhood exposure to violence can lead to physical, mental, and emotional harm, whether a child is a direct victim or a witness to violent events. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between witnessing intimate partner violence (IPV) and victimization among children. A cross-sectional, national study was conducted in secondary high schools in the five main provinces of Saudi Arabia (SA) using International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) ISPCAN Child Abuse and Neglect Screening Tool-Child: Home version. Boys and girls, public and private schools were selected to participate. Students ( = 16,939) aged 15 to 18 years completed the survey instrument which included demographics, different types of abuse (physical, psychological, and sexual), neglect, and witnessing IPV. Mean age of the participants was 16.8 ± 0.9 years, and 51% were boys. Eighty-one percent lived with both parents, 6% with single parent, and 2% with step-parent. Fifty-two percent of the participants witnessed IPV. Those who witnessed IPV were more likely to be abused compared with those who did not ( < .01). Among those who witnessed physical IPV, girls had a significantly greater likelihood of experiencing psychological abuse (odds ratio [OR] = 3.7, confidence interval [CI] = [1.9, 6.8]), physical abuse (OR = 1.3, CI = [1.0, 1.6]), and neglect (OR = 1.6, CI = [1.4, 1.9]) but less likelihood of experiencing sexual abuse (OR = 0.6, CI = [0.5, 0.7]) than boys. Among those who witnessed psychological IPV, girls had a significantly greater likelihood of experiencing neglect (OR = 1.3, CI = [1.2, 1.5]) but less likelihood of experiencing sexual abuse (OR = 0.5, CI = [0.5, 0.6]) than boys. Boys who witnessed physical IPV and psychological IPV had a significantly greater likelihood of experiencing sexual abuse compared with girls. Witnessing IPV increases the chances of child and adolescent victimization. Multidisciplinary approaches involving social workers, law enforcement personnel, and domestic violence and child protection workers could effectively respond to this problem.
儿童时期遭受暴力可能会导致身体、心理和情感上的伤害，无论儿童是直接受害者还是目睹暴力事件的人。本研究旨在探讨目睹亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）与儿童受害之间的关系。在沙特阿拉伯（SA）五个主要省份的中学中进行了一项横断面、全国性研究，使用了国际预防虐待和忽视儿童协会（ISPCAN）的 ISPCAN 儿童虐待和忽视筛查工具-儿童：家庭版。选择了男女混合、公立和私立学校的学生参与。年龄在 15 至 18 岁的学生（n=16939）完成了调查工具，其中包括人口统计学、不同类型的虐待（身体、心理和性）、忽视和目睹 IPV。参与者的平均年龄为 16.8±0.9 岁，其中 51%为男性。81%的人与父母双方一起生活，6%的人与单亲父母一起生活，2%的人与继父或继母一起生活。52%的参与者目睹了 IPV。与未目睹 IPV 的参与者相比，目睹 IPV 的参与者更有可能遭受虐待（<0.01）。在目睹身体 IPV 的人中，女孩经历心理虐待（优势比[OR] = 3.7，置信区间[CI] = [1.9，6.8]）、身体虐待（OR = 1.3，CI = [1.0，1.6]）和忽视（OR = 1.6，CI = [1.4，1.9]）的可能性显著更高，但经历性虐待（OR = 0.6，CI = [0.5，0.7]）的可能性显著更低，而男孩经历心理虐待（OR = 0.6，CI = [0.5，0.7]）的可能性显著更高。在目睹心理 IPV 的人中，女孩经历忽视（OR = 1.3，CI = [1.2，1.5]）的可能性显著更高，但经历性虐待（OR = 0.5，CI = [0.5，0.6]）的可能性显著更低，而男孩经历心理虐待（OR = 0.5，CI = [0.5，0.6]）的可能性显著更高。目睹身体 IPV 和心理 IPV 的男孩经历性虐待的可能性显著高于女孩。目睹 IPV 增加了儿童和青少年受害的可能性。涉及社会工作者、执法人员以及家庭暴力和儿童保护工作者的多学科方法可以有效地应对这一问题。
