Mora-Chavarría Esteban, Umaña-Castro Rodolfo, Abou-Madi Noha, Solano-González Stefany, Retamosa-Izaguirre Mónica, Jiménez-Soto Mauricio, Blanco-Peña Kinndle
J Zoo Wildl Med. 2017 Dec;48(4):1135-1145. doi: 10.1638/2016-0259R.1.
With stricter laws regulating the capture and possession of wild animals in Costa Rica, local wildlife-rescue centers have been overwhelmed by an influx of confiscated or relinquished illegal pets, specifically of psittacine species. As part of a nationwide health-assessment program targeting these centers, 122 birds representing five psittacine species ( Ara macao, Amazona autumnalis, Amazona auropalliata, Amazona farinosa, Aratinga finschi) and one hybrid macaw ( Ara macao × Ara ambiguus) were examined and tested between January 2011 and October 2012. Physical examination, hematology, and serum biochemical analyses were performed. Blood and feathers were tested for psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) and avian polyomavirus (APV) via PCR. A DNA-based prevalence and sequence analysis characterized the strains of PBFDV and APV isolated. Physical abnormalities observed in 36% of the 122 birds examined were limited to thin body condition and poor feather quality. None of the feather abnormalities were characteristic of disease caused by either PBFDV or APV. Results of hematological and biochemical analyses were within normal limits except for five birds with leukocytosis and heterophilia, three birds with uric acid values above 16 mg/dl, and two additional birds with AST values above 400 IU/L. No hemoparasites were detected during blood smear examination. Overall prevalences of 9.8% (12/122) for PBFDV and 3.3% (4/122) for APV were documented, with only one bird testing positive for both PBFDV and APV. Birds from two of the eight centers were negative for both viruses. Findings from this study constitute the beginning of a standardized surveillance program for Costa Rican rescue centers, targeting the management of avian species enrolled in propagation and reintroduction programs and expanding of the spectrum of pathogen surveillance and husbandry recommendations in prerelease centers.
随着哥斯达黎加对野生动物捕获和持有实施更严格的法律，当地野生动物救援中心被大量没收或交出的非法宠物所淹没，尤其是鹦鹉科物种。作为针对这些中心的全国性健康评估计划的一部分，在2011年1月至2012年10月期间，对代表五种鹦鹉科物种（琉璃金刚鹦鹉、橙翅亚马逊鹦鹉、黄颈亚马逊鹦鹉、古巴亚马逊鹦鹉、费氏牡丹鹦鹉）和一只杂交金刚鹦鹉（琉璃金刚鹦鹉×蓝翅金刚鹦鹉）的122只鸟类进行了检查和检测。进行了体格检查、血液学检查和血清生化分析。通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）对血液和羽毛进行鹦鹉喙羽病病毒（PBFDV）和禽多瘤病毒（APV）检测。基于DNA的患病率和序列分析对分离出的PBFDV和APV毒株进行了特征描述。在接受检查的122只鸟中，36%观察到的身体异常仅限于身体消瘦和羽毛质量差。没有一种羽毛异常是由PBFDV或APV引起的疾病特征。血液学和生化分析结果除了五只白细胞增多和嗜异性粒细胞增多的鸟、三只尿酸值高于16mg/dl的鸟以及另外两只天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）值高于400IU/L的鸟外，均在正常范围内。血液涂片检查未检测到血液寄生虫。记录的PBFDV总体患病率为9.8%（12/122），APV为3.3%（4/122），只有一只鸟PBFDV和APV检测均呈阳性。八个中心中的两个中心的鸟类两种病毒检测均为阴性。本研究结果构成了哥斯达黎加救援中心标准化监测计划的开端，该计划针对参与繁殖和重新引入计划的鸟类物种管理，并扩大了放归前中心病原体监测和饲养建议的范围。
